Promoting sustainability through corporate social responsibility implementation in the manufacturing industry: An empirical analysis of barriers using the ISM-MICMAC approach
Hussain Bux
School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhe Zhang
School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Naveed Ahmad
School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Department of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Correspondence
Naveed Ahmad, School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Email: naveedahmad@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
Search for more papers by this authorHussain Bux
School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhe Zhang
School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Naveed Ahmad
School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Department of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Correspondence
Naveed Ahmad, School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Email: naveedahmad@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a useful instrument to promote sustainability in organizations by focusing on their social, economic, and environmental aspects. Despite the growing adoption of CSR in the developed countries, it is at an initial stage of adoption in developing countries owing to the challenges faced by organizations. This study empirically identified the barriers to CSR adoption in a developing country context by taking the Pakistani manufacturing industry as a case. A novel framework was developed to analyze the obstacles by integrating the Delphi method (DM), interpretive structural modeling (ISM), and MICMAC. Initially, CSR obstacles were identified from previous literature; these were later filtered by using the DM. Furthermore, the data collected from experts and the results obtained through the application of ISM and MICMAC indicate that the “lack of resources, ” “lack of regulations and standards, ” and “lack of policy incentives” are the most critical barriers impeding CSR implementation in the Pakistani manufacturing industry. “Lack of concern for reputation” and “customers do not care about CSR” emerged as the least essential barriers to CSR adoption. The government, as the primary stakeholder and implementing agency, can act as the moderator to overcome these barriers and take initiatives for the effective adoption of CSR. This study would support manufacturing industry managers’ effort to understand the main obstacles to CSR adoption and develop an effective implementation policy for CSR adoption.
REFERENCES
- Abuzeinab, A., Arif, M., & Qadri, M. A. (2017). Barriers to MNEs green business models in the UKconstruction sector: An ISM analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 160, 27–37.
- Agudo-Valiente, J., Garcés-Ayerbe, C., & Salvador-Figueras, M. (2017). Corporate social responsibility drivers and barriers according to managers’ perception; evidence from Spanish firms. Sustainability, 9(10), 1821.
- Ali, M., Geng, Y., Robins, D., Cooper, D., Roberts, W., & Vogtländer, J. (2019). Improvement of waste management practices in a fast expanding sub-megacity in Pakistan, on the basis of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Waste Management, 85, 253–263.
- Alotaibi, A., Edum-Fotwe, F., & Price, A. D. (2019). Critical barriers to social responsibility implementation within mega-construction projects: The case of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 11(6), 1755.
- Anser, M. K., Zhang, Z., & Kanwal, L. (2018). Moderating effect of innovation on corporate social responsibility and firm performance in realm of sustainable development. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(5), 799–806. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1495
- Arevalo, J. A., & Aravind, D. (2011). Corporate social responsibility practices in India: Approach, drivers, and barriers. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 11(4), 399–414.
10.1108/14720701111159244 Google Scholar
- Arevalo, J. A., Lenssen, G., & Aravind, D. (2011). Corporate social responsibility practices in India: Approach, drivers, and barriers. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 11(4), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720701111159244
10.1108/14720701111159244 Google Scholar
- Asim, F. (2019). An exploration of CSR and employee engagement in MNCs operating in Pakistan. Perth: Curtin University.
- Asrar-ul-Haq, M., Kuchinke, K. P., & Iqbal, A. (2017). The relationship between corporate social responsibility, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment: Case of Pakistani higher education. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 2352–2363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.040
- Awan, U., Khattak, A., & Kraslawski, A. (2019). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) priorities in the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of the industrial sector of Sialkot, Pakistan. In P. Golinska-Dawson & M. Spychała (Eds.), Corporate social responsibility in the manufacturing and services sectors (pp. 267–278). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
10.1007/978-3-642-33851-9_15 Google Scholar
- Balon, V., Sharma, A. K., & Barua, M. K. (2016). Assessment of barriers in green supply chain management using ISM: A case study of the automobile industry in India. Global Business Review, 17(1), 116–135.
- Barnett, M. L. (2007). Stakeholder influence capacity and the variability of financial returns to corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 794–816.
- Baumgartner, R. J. (2014). Managing corporate sustainability and CSR: A conceptual framework combining values, strategies and instruments contributing to sustainable development. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 21(5), 258–271.
- Bello, F. G., & Kamanga, G. (2018). Drivers and barriers of corporate social responsibility in the tourism industry: The case of Malawi. Development Southern Africa, 1–16.
- Cairns, G., & Wright, G. (2018). Advanced methods in scenario development: Uncovering causality and using the Delphi method. In G. Cairns & G. Wright (Eds.), Scenario thinking (pp. 141–154). New York: Springer.
10.1007/978-3-319-49067-0_7 Google Scholar
- Central Intelligence Agency [US]. (2019). The world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html.
- Choi, S. B., Feng, Y., Liu, J., & Zhu, Q. (2019). Motivating corporate social responsibility practices under customer pressure among small-and medium-sized suppliers in China: The role of dynamic capabilities. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(1), 213–226.
- Daft, R. L., Murphy, J., & Willmott, H. (2010). Organization theory and design: Cengage learning EMEA. Boston, MA: Cengage.
- Dahlsrud, A. (2008). How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1–13.
- De Neve, G. (2009). Power, inequality and corporate social responsibility: The politics of ethical compliance in the south Indian garment industry. Economic and Political Weekly, 44(22), 63–71.
- Dev, N. K., & Shankar, R. (2016). Using interpretive structure modeling to analyze the interactions between environmental sustainability boundary enablers. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 23(3), 601–617.
- Duarte, F. P., & Rahman, S. (2010). Perceptions of corporate social responsibility by Bangladeshi managers: An exploratory study. International Review of Business Research Papers, 6(5), 119–136.
- European Commission. (2013). Responsible entrepreneurship: A collection of good practice cases among small and medium-sized enterprises across Europe. Retrieved from https://commdev.org/userfiles/files/1014_file_respentrepreneurship_20casestudies_1_.pdf.
- Eweje, G. (2015). Emerging trends in CSR and sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(7), 601–603.
- Eweje, G., & Bathurst, R. (2017). CSR, sustainability, and leadership. London: Routledge.
10.4324/9781315525976 Google Scholar
- Faisal, M. N. (2010). Analysing the barriers to corporate social responsibility in supply chains: An interpretive structural modelling approach. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 13(3), 179–195.
- Fanti, L., & Buccella, D. (2018). Profitability of corporate social responsibility in network industries. International Review of Economics, 65(3), 271–289.
10.1007/s12232-018-0297-8 Google Scholar
- Frynas, J. G., & Yamahaki, C. (2019). Corporate social responsibility: An outline of key concepts, trends, and theories. In B. Rettab & K. Mellahi (Eds.), Practising CSR in the Middle East (pp. 11–37). New York: Springer.
10.1007/978-3-030-02044-6_2 Google Scholar
- Fuzi, N. M., Habidin, N. F., & Ong, S. Y. Y. (2018). Corporate social responsibility practices in Malaysian automotive suppliers: Confirmatory factor analysis. International Journal of Business Excellence, 15(2), 222–238.
10.1504/IJBEX.2018.091922 Google Scholar
- Garavan, T. N., Heraty, N., Rock, A., & Dalton, E. (2011). Conceptualizing the behavioral barriers to CSR and CS in organizations: A typology of HRD interventions. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 12(5), 587–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422310394779
10.1177/1523422310394779 Google Scholar
- Gardas, B. B., Raut, R. D., & Narkhede, B. (2018). Modelling the challenges to sustainability in the textile and apparel (T&A) sector: A Delphi-DEMATEL approach. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 15, 96–108.
- Garg, R., Rahman, Z., Kumar, I., & Qureshi, M. (2011). Identifying and modelling the factors of customer experience towards customers’ satisfaction. International Journal of Modelling in Operations Management, 1(4), 359–381.
10.1504/IJMOM.2011.041525 Google Scholar
- Ghazali, Z., Lim, M. R. T., & Jamak, A. (2019). Maintenance performance improvement analysis using fuzzy Delphi method: A case of an international lube blending plant in Malaysia. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 25(1), 162–180.
- Government of Pakistan Ministry of Finance. (2019). Pakistan Economic Survey 2018–19. Retrieved from http://finance.gov.pk/survey_1819.html.
- Govindan, K., Kannan, D., & Shankar, K. M. (2014). Evaluating the drivers of corporate social responsibility in the mining industry with multi-criteria approach: A multi-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 84, 214–232.
- Goyal, P., & Kumar, D. (2017). Modeling the CSR barriers in manufacturing industries. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 24(7), 1871–1890.
- Graafland, J., & Smid, H. (2019). Decoupling among CSR policies, programs, and impacts: An empirical study. Business & Society, 58(2), 231–267.
- Graafland, J., & Zhang, L. (2014). Corporate social responsibility in China: Implementation and challenges. Business Ethics: A European Review, 23(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12036
- Haleem, A., Luthra, S., Mannan, B., Khurana, S., Kumar, S., & Ahmad, S. (2016). Critical factors for the successful usage of fly ash in roads & bridges and embankments: Analyzing indian perspective. Resources Policy, 49, 334–348.
- Hartmann, M. (2011). Corporate social responsibility in the food sector. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 38(3), 297–324.
- Hoque, N., Rahman, A. R. A., Molla, R. I., Noman, A. H. M., & Bhuiyan, M. Z. H. (2018). Is corporate social responsibility pursuing pristine business goals for sustainable development? Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(6), 1130–1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1527
- Jakhar, S. K., & Barua, M. K. (2014). An integrated model of supply chain performance evaluation and decision-making using structural equation modelling and fuzzy AHP. Production Planning and Control, 25(11), 938–957.
- Jamali, D., & Karam, C. (2018). Corporate social responsibility in developing countries as an emerging field of study. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(1), 32–61.
- Javaid Lone, E., Ali, A., & Khan, I. (2016). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from Pakistan. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 16(5), 785–797. https://doi.org/10.1108/cg-05-2016-0100
- Kalyar, M. N., Rafi, N., & Kalyar, A. N. (2013). Factors affecting corporate social responsibility: An empirical study. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 30(4), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2134
- Katiyar, R., Barua, M. K., & Meena, P. L. (2015). Modelling the measures of supply chain performance in the Indian automotive industry. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 22(4), 665–696. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-09-2014-0091
- Khan, J., & Haleem, A. (2013). An integrated ISM and fuzzy MICMAC approach for modelling of the enablers of technology management. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 236–242.
10.15373/2249555X/JULY2013/74 Google Scholar
- Khan, M., & Hassan, A. (2019). Environmental reporting in Pakistan's oil and gas industry. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 12(1), 15–29.
10.21632/irjbs.12.1.15-29 Google Scholar
- Khan, U., & Haleem, A. (2012). Smart organisations: Modelling of enablers using an integrated ISM and fuzzy-MICMAC approach. International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise, 1(3–4), 248–269.
10.1504/IJIE.2012.052556 Google Scholar
- Khatwani, G., Singh, S. P., Trivedi, A., & Chauhan, A. (2015). Fuzzy-TISM: A fuzzy extension of TISM for group decision making. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 16(1), 97–112.
10.1007/s40171-014-0087-4 Google Scholar
- Kumar, D., Goyal, P., & Kumar, V. (2019). Prioritizing CSR barriers in the Indian service industry: A fuzzy AHP approach. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 66(02), 213–233.
10.47743/saeb-2019-0009 Google Scholar
- Kumar, D., & Rahman, Z. (2013). Modelling relationship marketing strategies for sustainability adoption. International Journal of Intercultural Information Management, 3(4), 277–291.
10.1504/IJIIM.2013.059971 Google Scholar
- Kumar, D., & Rahman, Z. (2016). Buyer supplier relationship and supply chain sustainability: Empirical study of Indian automobile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131, 836–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.007
- Kumar, D. T., Palaniappan, M., Kannan, D., & Shankar, K. M. (2014). Analyzing the CSR issues behind the supplier selection process using ISM approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 92, 268–278.
- Kuo, T. C., Kremer, G. E. O., Phuong, N. T., & Hsu, C.-W. (2016). Motivations and barriers for corporate social responsibility reporting: Evidence from the airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 57, 184–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.08.003
- Laudal, T. (2011). Drivers and barriers of CSR and the size and internationalization of firms. Social Responsibility Journal, 7(2), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471111111141512
10.1108/17471111111141512 Google Scholar
- Lee, A. H., Kang, H.-Y., & Chang, C.-C. (2011). An integrated interpretive structural modeling–fuzzy analytic network process–benefits, opportunities, costs and risks model for selecting technologies. International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making, 10(05), 843–871.
- Leitão, J., Alves, H., Krueger, N., & Park, J. (2018). Entrepreneurial, Innovative and Sustainable Ecosystems: Best Practices and Implications for Quality of Life. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
10.1007/978-3-319-71014-3 Google Scholar
- López-Gamero, M. D., Claver-Cortés, E., & Molina-Azorín, J. F. (2008). Complementary resources and capabilities for an ethical and environmental management: A qual/quan study. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(3), 701–732.
- Luo, J. M., Huang, G. Q., & Lam, C. F. (2019). Barriers to the implementation of corporate social responsibility in gaming industry. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 18, 45–68.
- Luthra, S., Kumar, V., Kumar, S., & Haleem, A. (2011). Barriers to implement green supply chain management in automobile industry using interpretive structural modeling technique: An Indian perspective. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 4(2), 231–257.
10.3926/jiem.2011.v4n2.p231-257 Google Scholar
- Majumdar, M. N. A., & Amin, N. (2008). Challenges of the corporate social responsibility practices in developing countries. Melbourne: Department of Management, Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University, Australia.
- Mani, V., Agrawal, R., & Sharma, V. (2015). Impediments to social sustainability adoption in the supply chain: An ISM and MICMAC analysis in Indian manufacturing industries. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 17(2), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-015-0106-0
10.1007/s40171-015-0106-0 Google Scholar
- Mathiyazhagan, K., Govindan, K., NoorulHaq, A., & Geng, Y. (2013). An ISM approach for the barrier analysis in implementing green supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 47, 283–297.
- Mazurkiewicz, P., Crown, R., & Bartelli, V. (2005). What does business think about corporate social responsibility. Part I: A comparison of attitudes and practices in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuenia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Memon, Z. A., Dars, J. A., Mangrio, W. B., Bhutto, A., & Robson, M. G. (2016). Corporate social responsibility practices in multinationals and large enterprises in Pakistan: Assessing commitment to the united nations global compact. International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 1(1), 1–16.
10.4018/IJSECSR.2016010101 Google Scholar
- Min, M., Desmoulins-Lebeault, F., & Esposito, M. (2017). Should pharmaceutical companies engage in corporate social responsibility? Journal of Management Development, 36(1), 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-09-2014-0103
- Mont, O., & Leire, C. (2009). Socially responsible purchasing in supply chains: Drivers and barriers in Sweden. Social Responsibility Journal, 5(3), 388–407.
10.1108/17471110910977302 Google Scholar
- Mudgal, R. K., Shankar, R., Talib, P., & Raj, T. (2009). Greening the supply chain practices: An Indian perspective of enablers’ relationships. International Journal of Advanced Operations Management, 1(2–3), 151–176.
10.1504/IJAOM.2009.030671 Google Scholar
- Mzembe, A. N., Downs, Y., & Meaton, J. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in Malawi: Antecedents, issues, practices and future directions. In S. Vertigans, S. O. Idowu, & R. Schmidpeter (Eds.), Corporate Social Responsibility in Sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 3–29). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
10.1007/978-3-319-26668-8_1 Google Scholar
- Narwal, M., & Sharma, T. (2008). Perceptions of corporate social responsibility in India: An empirical study. Journal of Knowledge Globalization, 1(1), 61–79.
- Ocampo, L., Ebisa, J. A., Ombe, J., & Escoto, M. G. (2018). Sustainable ecotourism indicators with fuzzy Delphi method—A Philippine perspective. Ecological Indicators, 93, 874–888.
- Orlitzky, M., Siegel, D. S., & Waldman, D. A. (2011). Strategic corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability. Business & Society, 50(1), 6–27.
- Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy (PCP). (2016). Corporate Philanthropy in Pakistan: A Survey of Public Listed, Unlisted and Private Limited Retrieved from http://pcp.org.pk/uploads/CP_Report_2018_printed.pdf.
- Panwar, R., Nybakk, E., Hansen, E., & Pinkse, J. (2016). The effect of small firms’ competitive strategies on their community and environmental engagement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, 578–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.141
- Papacharalampous, N., Papadimitriou, D., & Anagnostopoulos, C. (2019). “Walking the talk” in times of recession: The case of corporate social responsibility in Greece. Journal of Global Responsibility, 10(2), 102–118.
- Parisi, C., Mikkelsen, O. S., & Arlbjørn, J. S. (2009). Implementing corporate social responsibility in supply chains: Drivers and barriers. Paper presented at the Implementing Corporate Social Responsibility In Supply Chains: Drivers and Barriers.
- Platts, K. W., & Gregory, M. J. (1990). Manufacturing audit in the process of strategy formulation. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 10(9), 5–26.
10.1108/EUM0000000001264 Google Scholar
- Policy and Regulations on SWM-Pakistan. (2010). Policy and Regulations on Solid Waste Management-Pakistan. Retrieved from http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/spc/activities/GPWM/data/T2/AB_4_P_PolicyAndReg_Pakistan.pdf.
- Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2002). The competitive advantage of corporate. Harvard Business Review, 80(12), 56–69.
- Qi, L. (2006). Corporate social responsibility of SMEs in China: Challenges and outlooks. Berichte Des Arbeitsbereichs Chinaforschung, 18, 32.
- Raman, S. R. (2006). Corporate social reporting in India—A view from the top. Global Business Review, 7(2), 313–324.
10.1177/097215090600700208 Google Scholar
- Raut, R., Narkhede, B. E., Gardas, B. B., & Luong, H. T. (2018). An ISM approach for the barrier analysis in implementing sustainable practices. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 25(4), 1245–1271. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-05-2016-0073
- Raut, R. D., Narkhede, B., & Gardas, B. B. (2017). To identify the critical success factors of sustainable supply chain management practices in the context of oil and gas industries: ISM approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.067
- Sajjad, A., & Eweje, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility in Pakistan: Current trends and future directions. In G. Eweje (Ed.), Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability: Emerging Trends in Developing Economies (pp. 163–187). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
10.1108/S2043-905920140000008010 Google Scholar
- Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. (2011). The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance and democracy. Journal of Management Studies, 48(4), 899–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00950.x
- Sensuse, D. I., Purwandari, B., & Rahayu, P. (2018). Defining e-Portofolio factor for competency certification using fuzzy Delphi method. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 17(2), 25–33.
- Shen, L., Govindan, K., & Shankar, M. (2015). Evaluation of barriers of corporate social responsibility using an analytical hierarchy process under a fuzzy environment—A textile case. Sustainability, 7(3), 3493–3514. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7033493
- Sunil, L., Vinod, K., Sanjay, K., & Abid, H. (2011). Barriers to implement green supply chain management in automobile industry using interpretive structural modeling technique: An Indian perspective. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 4(2), 231–257. https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2011.v4n2.p231-257
- Sweeney, L. (2007). Corporate social responsibility in Ireland: Barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 7(4), 516–523.
10.1108/14720700710820597 Google Scholar
- Talib, F., Rahman, Z., & Qureshi, M. (2011). An interpretive structural Modelling (ISM) approach for Modelling the practices of Total quality Management in Service Sector. International Journal of Modelling in Operations Management, 1(3), 223–250.
10.1504/IJMOM.2011.039528 Google Scholar
- Vafadarnikjoo, A., Mishra, N., Govindan, K., & Chalvatzis, K. (2018). Assessment of consumers’ motivations to purchase a remanufactured product by applying Fuzzy Delphi method and single valued neutrosophic sets. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 230–244.
- Veleva, V. R. (2010). Managing corporate citizenship: A new tool for companies. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 17(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.206
- Wagner, S. M., & Neshat, N. (2010). Assessing the vulnerability of supply chains using graph theory. International Journal of Production Economics, 126(1), 121–129.
- Warfield, J. N. (1974). Developing interconnection matrices in structural modeling. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1, 81–87.
10.1109/TSMC.1974.5408524 Google Scholar
- Werther, W. B., Jr., & Chandler, D. (2005). Strategic corporate social responsibility as global brand insurance. Business Horizons, 48(4), 317–324.
10.1016/j.bushor.2004.11.009 Google Scholar
- Yuen, K. F., & Lim, J. M. (2016). Barriers to the implementation of strategic corporate social responsibility in shipping. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 32(1), 49–57.
- Zhang, D., Ma, Q., & Morse, S. (2018). Motives for corporate social responsibility in Chinese food companies. Sustainability, 10(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010117