RESEARCH ARTICLE
Linking human values to consumer CSR perception: The moderating role of consumer skepticism
Santhiya Ramasamy,
Karpal S. Dara Singh,
Azlan Amran,
Mehran Nejati,
Santhiya Ramasamy
Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Karpal S. Dara Singh
Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
Correspondence
Karpal S. Dara Singh, Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor Penang, Malaysia.
Email: kirpal005@yahoo.com, karpal@usm.my
Search for more papers by this authorAzlan Amran
Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorMehran Nejati
School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorSanthiya Ramasamy,
Karpal S. Dara Singh,
Azlan Amran,
Mehran Nejati,
Santhiya Ramasamy
Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Karpal S. Dara Singh
Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
Correspondence
Karpal S. Dara Singh, Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor Penang, Malaysia.
Email: kirpal005@yahoo.com, karpal@usm.my
Search for more papers by this authorAzlan Amran
Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorMehran Nejati
School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This paper examines the effect of human values on consumer CSR perception towards cosmetic companies. Since consumer skepticism is on the rise, its moderating effects are also investigated in this paper. Questionnaires were collected from 479 consumers of seven cosmetic companies which were subsequently analyzed via structural equation modelling. Findings revealed that human values such as self-enhancement and openness to change have a significant influence on consumer CSR perception. Consumer skepticism was also found to moderate the relationship between human values of openness to change, self-transcendence and conservation towards consumer CSR perception. The results allow decision-makers to better understand the influence of consumers' value system on their CSR perception while elucidating the boundary conditions played by consumer skepticism, amplifying the need for organizations to engage in authentic and sincere CSR practices. This study tested the boundaries of the Schwartz Human Values Theory which has been expanded to measure consumer CSR perception.
REFERENCES
- Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20(1), 1–48.
- Alvarado-Herrera, A., Bigne, E., Aldas-Mamzano, A., & Curras-Perez, R. (2017). A scale for measuring consumer perceptions of corporate social responsibility following the sustainable development paradigm. Journal of Business Ethics, 140, 243–262.
- Ashley, P. A. (2005). Ética e responsabilidade social nos negócios. São Paulo, Brazil: Saraiva.
- Auger, P., Devinney, T. M., Louviere, J. J., & Burke, P. (2010). The importance of social product attributes in consumer purchasing decisions: A multi-country comparative study. International Business Review, 19(2), 140–159.
- Azmat, F., & Zutshi, A. (2012). Influence of home-country culture and regulatory environment on corporate social responsibility perceptions: The case of Sri Lankan immigrant entrepreneurs. Thunderbird International Business Review, 54, 15–27.
10.1002/tie.21435 Google Scholar
- Bailey, A. A. (2007). Public information and consumer skepticism effects on celebrity endorsements: Studies among young consumers. Journal of Marketing Communications, 13(2), 85–107.
10.1080/13527260601058248 Google Scholar
- Becker, J.-M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning, 45(5), 359–394.
- Becker-Olsen, K. L., Cudmore, B. A., & Hill, R. P. (2006). The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 59(1), 46–53.
- Berens, G., Van Riel, C., & Van Rekom, J. (2007). The CSR-quality trade-off: When cancorporate social responsibility and corporate ability compensate each other? Journal of Business Ethics, 74(3), 233–252.
- Bilsky, W., Janik, M., & Schwartz, S. H. (2011). The structural organization of human values-evidence from three rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(5), 759–776.
- Boccia, F., & Sarnacchiaro, P. (2018). The impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer preference: A structural equation analysis. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25, 151–163.
- Boush, D. M., Friestad, M., & Rose, G. M. (1994). Adolescent skepticism toward TV advertising and knowledge of advertiser tactics. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 165–175.
- Bray, J., Johns, N., & Kilburn, D. (2011). An exploratory study into the factors impeding ethical consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 98, 597–608.
- Bradley, W. & Henseler, J. (2007). Modeling Reflective Higher-Order Constructs using Three Approaches with PLS Path Modeling: A Monte Carlo Comparison. In M. Thyne, Deans, K.R.and Gnoth, J. (ed.), Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy ConferenceProceedings, 791–800.
- Brown, T. J., & Dacin, P. A. (1997). The company and the product: Corporate associations and consumer product responses. Journal of Marketing, 61(1), 68–84.
- Brunsø, K., Scholderer, J., & Grunert, K. G. (2004). Testing relationships between values and food-related lifestyle: Results from two European countries. Appetite, 43(2), 195–205.
- Calabrese, A., Costa, R., & Rosati, F. (2016). Gender difference in customer expectations and perceptions of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Cleaner Production, 116, 125–149.
- Carroll, A. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 4, 497–505.
10.2307/257850 Google Scholar
- Carroll, A. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34, 39–48.
10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G Google Scholar
- Chan, W. Y., Chester, K. M., & Chu, W. C. (2015). Materialistic consumers who seek unique products: How does their need for status and their affective response facilitate the repurchase intention of luxury goods? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 27, 1–10.
- Choi, M. J., Heo, C. Y., & Law, R. (2016). Developing a typology of Chinese shopping tourists: An application of the Schwartz model of universal human values. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(2), 141–161.
- Chomvilailuk, R., & Butcher, K. (2013). The effect of CSR knowledge on customer liking, across cultures. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 31(2), 98–114.
10.1108/02652321311298672 Google Scholar
- Chu, S.-C., & Lin, J.-S. (2013). Consumers' perception of corporate social responsibility in the United States and China: A study of female cosmetics consumers. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 7(1), 43–64.
10.1080/1553118X.2012.711401 Google Scholar
- Connors, S., Anderson-MacDonald, S., & Thomson, M. (2017). Overcoming the ‘window dressing’ effect: Mitigating the negative effects of inherent skepticism towards corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 145, 599–621.
- Davies, I. A., Lee, Z., & Ahonkhai, I. (2012). Do consumers care about ethical-luxury? Journal of Business Ethics, 106(1), 37–51.
- De Vries, G., Terwel, B. W., Ellemers, N., & Daamen, D. D. L. (2015). Sustainability or profitability? How communicated motives for environmental policy affect public perceptions of corporate greenwashing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22, 142–154.
- Doran, C. J. (2009). The role of personal values in fair trade consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(4), 549–563.
- Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. & Sen, S. (2010), Maximizing Business Returns to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Role of CSR Communication. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12, 8–19.
- Edwards, W. R. (2003). Openness to change: Correlates and organizational consequences. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(10), 4950B.
- Elkington, J. (1998). Cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st century business. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers.
- Ellen, P. S., Webb, D. J., & Mohr, L. A. (2006). Building corporate associations: Consumer attributions for corporate socially responsible programs. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(2), 147–157.
- Elving, W. J. (2013). Skepticism and corporate social responsibility communications: The influence of fit and reputation. Journal of Marketing Communications, 19(4), 277–292.
10.1080/13527266.2011.631569 Google Scholar
- Fassin, Y., & Buelens, M. (2011). The hypocrisy-sincerity continuum in corporate communication and decision making: A model of corporate social responsibility and business ethics practices. Management Decision, 49(4), 586–600.
- Foreh, M. R., & Grier, S. (2003). When is honesty the best policy? The effect of stated company intent on consumer skepticism. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(3), 349–356.
- Franco, I., Moura-Leite, R., Pereira, M. W. G., & Lopes, J. C. D. J. (2017). Personal values and approach of undergraduates towards corporate social responsibility. Social Responsibility Journal, 13(3), 457–472.
- Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston, MA: Pitman.
10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540226 Google Scholar
- Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Fritzsche, D. J., & Oz, E. (2007). Personal values' influence on the ethical dimension of decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 75(4), 335–343.
- Fukukawa, K., Shafer, W. E., & Lee, G. M. (2007). Values and attitudes toward social and environmental accountability: A study of MBA students. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(4), 381–394.
- Gerstle, T. (2016). Asia personal care and cosmetics market guide. International Trade Administration. Department of Commmerce, USA. Retrieved from https://legacy.trade.gov/industry/materials/AsiaCosmeticsMarketGuide.pdf
- Gholipour, H. F., Tajaddini, R., & Al-mulali, U. (2014). Does personal freedom influence outbound tourism? Tourism Management, 41, 19–25.
- González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernandez, M. C., & Simonetti, B. (2013). Corporate social responsibilities perceptions: An approximation through Spanish university students' values. Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2379–2398.
10.1007/s11135-012-9813-1 Google Scholar
- González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernandez, M. C., & Simonetti, B. (2016). Corporate social responsibility perception versus human values: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Applied Statistics, 43(13), 2396–2415.
- González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernandez, M. C., & Simonetti, B. (2019). The perception of socially and environmentally responsible practices based on values and cultural environment from a customer perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 216, 88–98.
- Govindan, K., Kannan, D., & Shankar, K. M. (2014). Evaluating the drivers of corporate social responsibility in the mining industry with multi-criteria approach: A multi stakeholder perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 84, 214–232.
- Gratani, M., Sutton, S. G., Butler, J. R., Bohensky, E. L., & Foale, S. (2016). Indigenous environmental values as human values. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1), 1–17.
- Gross, B., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2017). The relation between multilingualism and basic human values among primary school children in South Tyrol. International Journal of Multilingualism, 15(1), 35–53.
- Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). USA: Sage Publications.
- Hede, A.-M., Jago, L., & Deery, M. (2005). Segmentation of special event attendees using personal values: Relationships with satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality &Tourism, 5(2–4), 33–55.
10.1300/J162v05n02_03 Google Scholar
- Hemingway, C. A., & Maclagan, P. W. (2004). Managers' personal values as drivers of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 50, 33–44.
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135.
- Hofstede, G. (1984). Cultural dimensions in management and planning. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1, 81–99.
10.1007/BF01733682 Google Scholar
- Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviours, institutions and organisations across nations ( 2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Hur, W.-M., Kim, H., & Jang, J. H. (2016). The role of gender differences in the impact of CSR perceptions on corporate marketing outcomes. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 23, 345–357.
- Hur, W.-M., Kim, H., & Kim, H. K. (2018). Does customer engagement in corporate social responsibility initiatives lead to customer citizenship behaviour? The mediating roles of customer-company identification and affective commitment. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25, 1258–1269.
- Isa, S. M., Chin, P. N., & Liew, I. (2019). Exploring the role of corporate social responsibility skepticism in ethical purchase intention. Social Responsibility Journal (Ahead of Print Version). https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-01-2018-0003.
- Jamali, D. (2006). Insights into triple bottom line integration from a learning organization perspective. Business Process Management Journal, 12(6), 809–821.
10.1108/14637150610710945 Google Scholar
- Janssen, C., Vanhamme, J., Lindgreen, A., & Lefebvre, C. (2014). The catch-22 of responsible luxury: Effects of luxury product characteristics on consumers' perception of fit with corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), 45–57.
- Jenkins, H., & Yakovleva, N. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in the mining industry: Exploring trends in social and environmental disclosure. Journal of CleanerProduction, 14(3-4), 271–284.
- Jiang, W., & Wong, J. K. (2016). Key activity areas of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the construction industry: A study of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 850–860.
- Jose, S., Khare, N., & Buchanan, F. R. (2018). Customer perceptions of CSR authenticity. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(4), 614–629.
- Kim, S., & Ji, Y. (2017). Chinese consumers' expectations of corporate communication on CSR and sustainability. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 24, 570–588.
- Kim, Y., & Kim, S. (2010). The influence of cultural values on perceptions of corporate social responsibility: Application of Hofstede's dimensions to Korean public relations practitioners. Journal of Business Ethics, 91, 485–500.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling Methodology in the social sciences ( 3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Kobasa, S. C. (1982). Commitment and coping in stress resistance among lawyers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(4), 707–717.
- Lange, D., & Washburn, N. T. (2012). Understanding attributions of corporate social irresponsibility. Academy of Management Review, 37(2), 300–326.
- Lee, J., & Lee, Y. (2015). The interactions of CSR, self congruity and purchase intention among Chinese consumers. Australasian Marketing Journal, 23(1), 19–26.
- Leonidou, C. N., & Skarmeas, D. (2017). Gray shades of green: Causes and consequences of green skepticism. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(2), 401–415.
- Lii, Y. S., & Lee, M. (2012). Doing right leads to doing well: When the type of CSR and reputation interact to affect consumer evaluations of the firm. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 69–81.
- Lyon, T., & Montgomery, A. (2015). The means and end of greenwash. Organization & Environment, 28(2), 223–249.
- Matten, D., & Moon, J. (2004). Corporate social responsibility education in Europe. Journal of Business Ethics, 54(4), 323–337.
- Miller, V.D., Johnson, J.R. & Grau, J. (1994). Antecedents to willingness to participate in a planned organizational change, Journal of Applied Communication Research, 22(1), 59–80.
10.1080/00909889409365387 Google Scholar
- Mohr, L. A., Eroǧlu, D., & Ellen, P. S. (1998). The development and testing of a measure of skepticism toward environmental claims in marketers' communications. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 32(1), 30–55.
- Morrison, P. S., & Weckroth, M. (2018). Human values, subjective well-being and the metropolitan region. Regional Studies, 52(3), 325–337.
- Newman, K. P., & Trump, R. K. (2019). Reducing skepticism about corporate social responsibility: Roles of gender and agentic-communal orientations. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 36(1), 189–196.
- Obermiller, C., & Spangenberg, E. R. (1998). Development of a scale to measure consumer skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(2), 159–186.
10.1207/s15327663jcp0702_03 Google Scholar
- Öberseder, M., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Murphy, P. E. (2013). CSR practices and consumer perceptions. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1839–1851.
- Parguel, B., Benoît-Moreau, F., & Larceneux, F. (2011). How sustainability ratings might deter “greenwashing”: A closer look at ethical corporate communication. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(1), 15–28.
- Patari, S., Arminen, H., Albareda, L., Puumalainen, K., & Toppinen, A. (2017). Student values and perceptions of corporate social responsibility in the forest industry on the road to a bioeconomy. Forest Policy and Economics, 85(P1), 201–215.
- Patel, J. D., Gadhavi, D. D., & Shukla, Y. S. (2016). Consumers' responses to cause related marketing: Moderating influence of cause involvement and skepticism on attitude and purchase intention. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 14(1), 1–18.
10.1007/s12208-016-0151-1 Google Scholar
- Pérez, A., & del Bosque, I. R. (2015). How customer support for corporate social responsibility influences the image of companies: Evidence from the banking industry. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22, 155–168.
- Quazi, A. M. (2003). Identifying the determinants of corporate managers' perceived social obligations. Management Decision, 41(9), 822–831.
10.1108/00251740310488999 Google Scholar
- Ramasamy, B., Yeung, M. C., & Au, A. K. (2010). Consumer support for corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of religion and values. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(1), 61–72.
- Ramesh, K., Saha, R., Goswami, S., & Sekar & Dahiya, R. (2019). Consumer's response to CSR activities: Mediating role of brand image and brand attitude. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26, 377–387.
- Rim, H., & Kim, S. (2016). Dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) skepticism and their impacts on public evaluations toward CSR. Journal of Public Relations Research, 28(5-6), 248–267.
- Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. W. (2012). Editor's comments: A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS quarterly. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), iii–xiv.
- Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Romani, S., Grappi, S., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2016). Corporate social responsibility initiatives and their effects on consumption of green products. Journal of Business Ethics, 135, 253–264.
- Sachs, S., Rühli, E., & Mittnacht, V. (2005). A CSR framework due to multiculturalism: The Swiss Re case. Corporate Governance, 5(3), 52–60.
10.1108/14720700510604698 Google Scholar
- Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1–65.
- Schwartz, S. H. & Boehnke, K. (2004). Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(3), 230–255
- Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 878–891.
- Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the Cross-Cultural Validity of the Theory of Basic Human Values with a Different Method of Measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 519–542.
- Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2008). Self-enhancement: Food for thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(2), 102–116.
- Sen, S., & Bhattacharya, C. B. (2001). Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 225–243.
- Shabib, F., & Ganguli, S. (2017). Impact of csr on consumer behavior of Bahraini women in the cosmetics industry. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 13(3), 174–203.
- Shafer, W. E., Lee, G. M., & Fukukawa, K. (2007). Values and the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility: The U.S. versus China. Journal of Business Ethics, 70(3), 265–284.
- Shin, Y., & Thai, V. V. (2015). The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer satisfaction, relationship maintenance and loyalty in the shipping industry. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22, 381–392.
- Siltaoja, M. E. (2006). Value priorities as combining core factors between CSR and reputation – A qualitative study. Journal of Business Ethics, 68(1), 91–111.
- Skarmeas, D., & Leonidou, C. N. (2013). When consumers doubt, watch out! The role of CSR skepticism. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1831–1838.
- Slaper, T. F., & Hall, T. J. (2011). The triple bottom line: What is it and how does it work? Indiana Business Review, 86(1), 4–8.
- Steenhaut, S., & Kenhove, P. V. (2007). The mediating role of anticipated guit in consumers' ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(3), 269–288.
- Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of Social Issues, 50(3), 65–84.
- Torelli, C. J., Monga, A. S. B., & Kaikati, A. M. (2012). Doing poorly by doing good: Corporate social responsibility and brand concepts. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(5), 948–963.
- Vaccaro, A. (2016). CSR: What are the reasons of so much skepticism? [Business Ethics]. Retrieved from http://blog.iese.edu/ethics/2016/01/27/csr-what-are-the-reasons-of-so-much-skepticism/
- van Riel, A. C., Henseler, J., Kemény, I., & Sasovova, Z. (2017). Estimating hierarchical constructs using consistent partial least squares: The case of second-order composites of common factors. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 459–477.
- Wang, L., & Juslin, H. (2011). The effects of value on the perception of corporate social responsibility implementation: A study of Chinese youth. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 18(4), 246–262.
- Wang, Y., & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Conspicuous consumption, relationships, and rivals: Women's luxury products as signals to other women. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(5), 834–854.
- Webb, D. J., & Mohr, L. A. (1998). A typology of consumer responses to cause related marketing: From skeptics to socially concerned. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 2, 226–238.
- Weckroth, M., & Kemppainen, T. (2016). Human capital, cultural values and economic performance in European regions. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 3(1), 239–257.
- Williams, G., & Zinkin, J. (2008). The effect of culture on consumers' willingness to punish irresponsible corporate behaviour: Applying Hofstede's typology to the punishment aspect of corporate social responsibility. Business Ethics: A European Review, 17, 210–226.
- Wynder, M., & Dunbar, K. (2016). Ethical values in the evaluation of corporate social performance. Managerial Auditing Journal, 31(2), 180–196.
- Yoon, Y., Gürhan-Canli, Z., & Schwarz, N. (2006). The effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on companies with bad reputations. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(4), 377–390.
- Zhang, L., & Hanks, L. (2017). Consumer skepticism towards CSR messages: The joint effects of processing fluency, individuals' need for cognition and mood. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(8), 2070–2084.
