Corporate social responsibility and employee performance: The mediating role of employee engagement in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan
Hafiz Yasir Ali
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Muhammad Asrar-ul-Haq
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Correspondence
Muhammad Asrar-ul-Haq, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Pakistan.
Email: asrar@cuisahiwal.edu.pk
Search for more papers by this authorShaheera Amin
Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorSadaf Noor
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Haris-ul-Mahasbi
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Kashif Aslam
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorHafiz Yasir Ali
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Muhammad Asrar-ul-Haq
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Correspondence
Muhammad Asrar-ul-Haq, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Pakistan.
Email: asrar@cuisahiwal.edu.pk
Search for more papers by this authorShaheera Amin
Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorSadaf Noor
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Haris-ul-Mahasbi
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Kashif Aslam
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Past research proposes that corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects employees' behaviors and attitude. However, the empirical evidence of this claim is limited particularly in the context of eastern developing economies like Pakistan. So, the study in hand is an effort to extend the existing CSR literature by investigating the impact of CSR on employee performance using the lens of social identity theory. Additionally, the study also investigates the intervening role of employee engagement (EE) in the above-mentioned association. To test the proposed model, data were collected from employees of the manufacturing sector in two waves with an interval of 4 weeks. The findings suggest that CSR has a significant impact on employees' performance and engagement. Findings also confirm that EE partially mediates the association of CSR and employee performance. The study concludes with its theoretical and practical implications and directions for future researchers.
REFERENCES
- Abdullah, M. H., & Rashid, N. (2012). The implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs and its impact on employee organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 2(1), 67–75.
- Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(4), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180403
- Abu Bakar, A. S., & Ameer, R. (2011). Readability of corporate social responsibility communication in Malaysia. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 18(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.240
- Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2012). What we know and don't know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 38(4), 932–968.
- Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2019). On corporate social responsibility, sensemaking, and the search for meaningfulness through work. Journal of Management, 45(3), 1057–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317691575
- Alafi, K., & Hasoneh, A. B. (2012). Corporate social responsibility associated with customer satisfaction and financial performance a case study with housing banks in Jordan. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(15), 102–115.
- Albinger, H. S., & Freeman, S. J. (2000). Corporate social performance and attractiveness as an employer to different job seeking populations. Journal of Business Ethics, 28(3), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006289817941
- Ali, H. Y., Danish, R. Q., & Asrar-ul-Haq, M. (2020). How corporate social responsibility boosts firm financial performance: The mediating role of corporate image and customer satisfaction. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 166–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1781
- Alonso-Almeida, M. D. M., & Llach, J. (2019). Socially responsible companies: Are they the best workplace for millennials? A cross-national analysis. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(1), 238–247.
- Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2013-0008
10.1108/IJPPM-01-2013-0008 Google Scholar
- Arslan, M., & Roudaki, J. (2019). Examining the role of employee engagement in the relationship between organisational cynicism and employee performance. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(1/2), 118–137.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999
- Asrar-ul-Haq, M., Kuchinke, K. P., & Iqbal, A. (2017). The relationship between corporate social responsibility, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment: Case of Pakistani higher education. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 2352–2363.
- Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. New York: Psychology press.
10.4324/9780203853047 Google Scholar
- Barakat, S. R., Isabella, G., Boaventura, J. M. G., & Mazzon, J. A. (2016). The influence of corporate social responsibility on employee satisfaction. Management Decision, 54(9), 2325–2339.
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
- Barrena-Martínez, J., López-Fernández, M., Márquez-Moreno, C., & Romero-Fernández, P. M. (2015). Corporate social responsibility in the process of attracting college graduates. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(6), 408–423.
- Bauman, C. W., & Skitka, L. J. (2012). Corporate social responsibility as a source of employee satisfaction. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 63–86.
- Baumruk, R. (2004). The missing link: The role of employee engagement in business success. Work, 47(11), 48–52.
- Bedarkar, M., & Pandita, D. (2014). A study on the drivers of employee engagement impacting employee performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.174
10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.174 Google Scholar
- Bhattacharya, C. B., Sen, S., & Korschun, D. (2008). Using corporate social responsibility to win the war for talent. MIT Sloan Management Review, 49(2), 37–44.
- Blader, S. L., Patil, S., & Packer, D. J. (2017). Organizational identification and workplace behavior: More than meets the eye. Research in Organizational Behavior, 37, 19–34.
- Bowen, H. (1953). Social responsibilities of the businessman ( 1st ed.). New York, NY: Harper.
- Brammer, S., Millington, A., & Rayton, B. (2007). The contribution of corporate social responsibility to organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(10), 1701–1719.
- Branco, M. C., & Rodrigues, L. L. (2006). Corporate social responsibility and resource-based perspectives. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(2), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9071-z
- Buertey, S., Sun, E., Lee, J. S., & Hwang, J. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and earnings management: The moderating effect of corporate governance mechanisms. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 256–271. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1803
- Caligiuri, P., Mencin, A., & Jiang, K. (2013). Win–win–win: The influence of company-sponsored volunteerism programs on employees, NGOs, and business units. Personnel Psychology, 66(4), 825–860.
- Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1979.4498296
10.2307/257850 Google Scholar
- Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39–48.
10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G Google Scholar
- Carvalho, S. W., Sen, S., de Oliveira Mota, M., & de Lima, R. C. (2010). Consumer reactions to CSR: A Brazilian perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(2), 291–310.
- Cesário, F., & Chambel, M. J. (2017). Linking organizational commitment and work engagement to employee performance. Knowledge and Process Management, 24(2), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1542
- Chaudhary, R. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: Can CSR help in redressing the engagement gap? Social Responsibility Journal, 13(2), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-07-2016-0115
- Chaudhary, R. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and employee performance: A study among indian business executives. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1–24.
10.1080/09585192.2018.1469159 Google Scholar
- Chaudhary, R., & Akhouri, A. (2019). CSR perceptions and employee creativity: Examining serial mediation effects of meaningfulness and work engagement. Social Responsibility Journal, 15(1), 61–74.
- Cheema, S., Afsar, B., & Javed, F. (2020). Employees' corporate social responsibility perceptions and organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment: The mediating roles of organizational identification and environmental orientation fit. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1769
- Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
- Claxton, J., Ferreira, P., & de Oliveira, E. R. (2014). Does corporate social responsibility impact on employee engagement? Journal of Workplace Learning, 26(3/4), 232–247.
10.1108/JWL-09-2013-0070 Google Scholar
- Collier, J., & Esteban, R. (2007). Corporate social responsibility and employee commitment. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(1), 19–33.
10.1111/j.1467-8608.2006.00466.x Google Scholar
- Cuesta-Valiño, P., Rodríguez, P. G., & Núñez-Barriopedro, E. (2019). The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty in hypermarkets: A new socially responsible strategy. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(4), 761–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1718
- Dahlsrud, A. (2008). How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.132
- Davies, I. A., & Crane, A. (2010). Corporate social responsibility in small-and medium-size enterprises: Investigating employee engagement in fair trade companies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 19(2), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2010.01586.x
- Dawes, J. (2008). Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point scales. International Journal of Market Research, 50(1), 61–104.
- De Clercq, D., Bouckenooghe, D., Raja, U., & Matsyborska, G. (2014). Servant leadership and work engagement: The contingency effects of leader–follower social capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 183–212.
- De Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. T. (2013). Organizational social capital, formalization, and internal knowledge sharing in entrepreneurial orientation formation. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 37(3), 505–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12021
- De Roeck, K., & Delobbe, N. (2012). Do environmental CSR initiatives serve organizations' legitimacy in the oil industry? Exploring employees' reactions through organizational identification theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 110(4), 397–412.
- De Roeck, K., El Akremi, A., & Swaen, V. (2016). Consistency matters! How and when does corporate social responsibility affect employees' organizational identification? Journal of Management Studies, 53(7), 1141–1168.
- De Roeck, K., Marique, G., Stinglhamber, F., & Swaen, V. (2014). Understanding employees' responses to corporate social responsibility: Mediating roles of overall justice and organisational identification. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(1), 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.781528
- Demerouti, E., Cropanzano, R., Bakker, A., & Leiter, M. (2010). From thought to action: Employee work engagement and job performance. In Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research (Vol. 65, pp. 147–163). New York: Psychology press.
- Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2015). Corporate social responsibility, multi-faceted job-products, and employee outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(2), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2286-5
- Duthler, G., & Dhanesh, G. S. (2018). The role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and internal CSR communication in predicting employee engagement: Perspectives from The United Arab Emirates (UAE). Public Relations Review, 44(4), 453–462.
- Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 239–263.
- Edwards, M. R., & Kudret, S. (2017). Multi-foci CSR perceptions, procedural justice and in-role employee performance: The mediating role of commitment and pride. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12140
- Esmaeelinezhad, O., Boerhannoeddin, A. B., & Singaravelloo, K. (2015). The effects of corporate social responsibility dimensions on employee engagement in Iran. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(3), 261–276.
10.6007/IJARBSS/v5-i3/1522 Google Scholar
- Farrukh, M., Sajid, M., Lee, J. W. C., & Shahzad, I. A. (2019). The perception of corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: Examining the underlying mechanism. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management., 27, 760–768. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1842
- Ferreira, P., & Real de Oliveira, E. (2014). Does corporate social responsibility impact on employee engagement? Journal of Workplace Learning, 26(3/4), 232–247.
10.1108/JWL-09-2013-0070 Google Scholar
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
- Galbreath, J., & Shum, P. (2012). Do customer satisfaction and reputation mediate the CSR–FP link? Evidence from Australia. Australian Journal of Management, 37(2), 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896211432941
- Gao, Y., Zhang, D., & Huo, Y. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and work engagement: Testing a moderated mediation model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33(5), 661–673.
- Glavas, A. (2012). Employee engagement and sustainability: A model for implementing meaningfulness at and in work. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 2012(46), 13–29.
10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2012.su.00003 Google Scholar
- Glavas, A. (2016). Corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: Enabling employees to employ more of their whole selves at work. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(796). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00796
- Grant, A. M., Dutton, J. E., & Rosso, B. D. (2008). Giving commitment: Employee support programs and the prosocial sensemaking process. Academy of Management Journal, 51(5), 898–918.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: Global edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Higher Education.
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, New York: The Guilford Press.
- Hur, W., Moon, T., & Choi, W. (2019). When are internal and external corporate social responsibility initiatives amplified? Employee engagement in corporate social responsibility initiatives on prosocial and proactive behaviors. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(4), 849–858. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1725
- Ismail, H. N., Iqbal, A., & Nasr, L. (2019). Employee engagement and job performance in Lebanon: The mediating role of creativity. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(3), 506–523.
- Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 368–384.
- Javed, M., Rashid, M. A., Hussain, G., & Ali, H. Y. (2020). The effects of corporate social responsibility on corporate reputation and firm financial performance: Moderating role of responsible leadership. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(3), 1395–1409.
- Jones, D. A. (2010). Does serving the community also serve the company? Using organizational identification and social exchange theories to understand employee responses to a volunteerism programme. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 857–878. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X477495
- Jones, D. A., Willness, C. R., & Madey, S. (2014). Why are job seekers attracted by corporate social performance? Experimental and field tests of three signal-based mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 57(2), 383–404. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0848
- Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724.
- Kim, C. H., & Scullion, H. (2013). The effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee motivation: A cross-national study. Poznan University of Economics Review, 13(2), 5–30.
- Kim, J. S., Song, H. J., & Lee, C.-K. (2016). Effects of corporate social responsibility and internal marketing on organizational commitment and turnover intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.007
- Kinjerski, V., & Skrypnek, B. J. (2008). Four paths to spirit at work: Journeys of personal meaning, fulfillment, well-being, and transcendence through work. The Career Development Quarterly, 56(4), 319–329.
- Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Swain, S. D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees. Journal of Marketing, 78(3), 20–37. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.11.0245
- Latif, K. F., & Sajjad, A. (2018). Measuring corporate social responsibility: A critical review of survey instruments. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(6), 1174–1197.
- Lee, M. P. (2008). A review of the theories of corporate social responsibility: Its evolutionary path and the road ahead. International Journal of Management Reviews, 10(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00226.x
- Lee, S., & Heo, C. Y. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and customer satisfaction among US publicly traded hotels and restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(4), 635–637.
- Lin, C.-P., & Liu, M.-L. (2017). Examining the effects of corporate social responsibility and ethical leadership on turnover intention. Personnel Review, 46(3), 526–550.
- Lin, C.-P., Lyau, N.-M., Tsai, Y.-H., Chen, W.-Y., & Chiu, C.-K. (2010). Modeling corporate citizenship and its relationship with organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(3), 357–372.
- Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x
- Mañas-Rodríguez, M. Á., Alcaraz-Pardo, L., Pecino-Medina, V., & Limbert, C. (2016). Validation of the Spanish version of Soane's ISA engagement scale. Revista de Psicología Del Trabajo y de Las Organizaciones, 32(2), 87–93.
- Maon, F., Lindgreen, A., & Swaen, V. (2009). Designing and implementing corporate social responsibility: An integrative framework grounded in theory and practice. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 71–89.
- Margolis, J. D., Elfenbein, H. A., & Walsh, J. P. (2009). Does it pay to be good…And does it matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between corporate social and financial performance. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1866371
10.2139/ssrn.1866371 Google Scholar
- Mone, E. M., & London, M. (2018). Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers, New York: Routledge.
10.4324/9781315626529 Google Scholar
- Mory, L., Wirtz, B. W., & Göttel, V. (2016). Factors of internal corporate social responsibility and the effect on organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(13), 1393–1425. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1072103
- Nauman, S., Malik, S. Z., & Jalil, F. (2019). How workplace bullying jeopardizes employees' life satisfaction: The roles of job anxiety and insomnia. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2292.
- Nejati, M., & Ghasemi, S. (2012). Corporate social responsibility in Iran from the perspective of employees. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), 578–588. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471111211272552
10.1108/17471111211272552 Google Scholar
- Newman, A., Nielsen, I., & Miao, Q. (2015). The impact of employee perceptions of organizational corporate social responsibility practices on job performance and organizational citizenship behavior: Evidence from the Chinese private sector. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(9), 1226–1242.
- Ong, M., Mayer, D. M., Tost, L. P., & Wellman, N. (2018). When corporate social responsibility motivates employee citizenship behavior: The sensitizing role of task significance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 144, 44–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.09.006
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
- Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78–92.
- Potdar, B., Guthrie, J., Gnoth, J., & Garry, T. (2018). Yours ethically: The role of corporate social responsibility and employee engagement in shoplifting prevention. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 46(9), 835–849.
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731.
- Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 358–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.005
- Robertson-Smith, G., & Markwick, C. (2009). Employee engagement: A review of current thinking. Brighton, England: Institute for Employment Studies.
- Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001
- Rupp, D. E., & Mallory, D. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility: Psychological, person-centric, and progressing. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2(1), 211–236.
- Rupp, D. E., Shao, R., Skarlicki, D. P., Paddock, E. L., Kim, T., & Nadisic, T. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: The moderating role of CSR-specific relative autonomy and individualism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(5), 559–579. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2282
- Rupp, D. E., Shao, R., Thornton, M. A., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2013). Applicants' and employees' reactions to corporate social responsibility: The moderating effects of first-party justice perceptions and moral identity. Personnel Psychology, 66(4), 895–933. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12030
- Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., & Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2014.06.024
- Servera-Francés, D., & Piqueras-Tomás, L. (2019). The effects of corporate social responsibility on consumer loyalty through consumer perceived value. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1547202
- Shen, J., & Benson, J. (2016). When CSR is a social norm: How socially responsible human resource management affects employee work behavior. Journal of Management, 42(6), 1723–1746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314522300
- Shin, I., Hur, W.-M., & Kang, S. (2016). Employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility and job performance: A sequential mediation model. Sustainability, 8(5), 493.
- Shuck, B., & Reio, T. G., Jr. (2011). The employee engagement landscape and HRD: How do we link theory and scholarship to current practice? Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(4), 419–428.
10.1177/1523422311431153 Google Scholar
- Skudiene, V., & Auruskeviciene, V. (2012). The contribution of corporate social responsibility to internal employee motivation. Baltic Journal of Management, 7(1), 49–67.
- Soane, E., Truss, C., Alfes, K., Shantz, A., Rees, C., & Gatenby, M. (2012). Development and application of a new measure of employee engagement: The ISA engagement scale. Human Resource Development International, 15(5), 529–547.
10.1080/13678868.2012.726542 Google Scholar
- Stinglhamber, F., Marique, G., Caesens, G., Desmette, D., Hansez, I., Hanin, D., & Bertrand, F. (2015). Employees' organizational identification and affective organizational commitment: An integrative approach. PLoS One, 10(4), e0123955. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123955
- Story, J., & Neves, P. (2015). When corporate social responsibility (CSR) increases performance: Exploring the role of intrinsic and extrinsic CSR attribution. Business Ethics: A European Review, 24(2), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12084
- Story, J. S. P., & Castanheira, F. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and employee performance: Mediation role of job satisfaction and affective commitment. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(6), 1361–1370. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1752
- Surroca, J., Tribó, J. A., & Waddock, S. (2010). Corporate responsibility and financial performance: The role of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 31(5), 463–490.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of group behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
- Talaei, G., & Nejati, M. (2008). Corporate social responsibility in auto industry: An Iranian perspective. Lex et Scientia International Journal, 15(1), 84–94.
- Tingchi Liu, M., Anthony Wong, I., Rongwei, C., & Tseng, T.-H. (2014). Do perceived CSR initiatives enhance customer preference and loyalty in casinos? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(7), 1024–1045.
- Tsourvakas, G., & Yfantidou, I. (2018). Corporate social responsibility influences employee engagement. Social Responsibility Journal, 14(1), 123–137.
- Turker, D. (2009). How corporate social responsibility influences organizational commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(2), 189–204.
- Valentine, S., & Fleischman, G. (2008). Ethics programs, perceived corporate social responsibility and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 77(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9306-z
- Van Marrewijk, M. (2003). Concepts and definitions of CSR and corporate sustainability: Between agency and communion. Journal of Business Ethics, 44(2–3), 95–105.
- Wang, Q., Dou, J., & Jia, S. (2016). A meta-analytic review of corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. Business & Society, 55(8), 1083–1121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650315584317
- Welch, M. (2011). The evolution of the employee engagement concept: Communication implications. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16(4), 328–346.
10.1108/13563281111186968 Google Scholar
- Wood, D. J. (2010). Measuring corporate social performance: A review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), 50–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00274.x
- Xie, X., Jia, Y., Meng, X., & Li, C. (2017). Corporate social responsibility, customer satisfaction, and financial performance: The moderating effect of the institutional environment in two transition economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 150, 26–39.
- Zhang, M., Di Fan, D., & Zhu, C. J. (2014). High-performance work systems, corporate social performance and employee outcomes: Exploring the missing links. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(3), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1672-8
- Zhou, Z., Luo, B. N., & Tang, T. L. (2018). Corporate social responsibility excites ‘exponential’ positive employee engagement: The Matthew effect in CSR and sustainable policy. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(4), 339–354.
- Zhu, Q., Yin, H., Liu, J., & Lai, K. (2014). How is employee perception of organizational efforts in corporate social responsibility related to their satisfaction and loyalty towards developing harmonious society in Chinese enterprises? Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 21(1), 28–40.