When Impulsive Behaviours Do Not Equal Self-Control Failures: The (Added) Value of Temptation Enactment
Amir Ghoniem
Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wilhelm Hofmann
Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Correspondence to: Wilhelm Hofmann, Pyschology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, IB E4/61, Bochum 44801, Germany.
E-mail: wilhelm.hofmann@rub.de
Search for more papers by this authorAmir Ghoniem
Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wilhelm Hofmann
Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Correspondence to: Wilhelm Hofmann, Pyschology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, IB E4/61, Bochum 44801, Germany.
E-mail: wilhelm.hofmann@rub.de
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Most work on self-control and impulsivity typically assumes, more or less tacitly, that people value self-control as more important than succumbing to temptations. According to this narrative, people regard impulsive behaviours as ‘failures’ of self-control and experience negative self-evaluations such as feelings of guilt or shame in response. Here, we direct attention to a neglected but crucial meta-behavioural valuation dimension of impulsive behaviour. We posit that individual differences in people's valuation of temptation enactment (VOTE) qualify whether and to what extent impulsive behaviours trigger negative self-evaluations and whether and to what extent people feel motivated to self-improve. Using a newly constructed VOTE scale, we first show that individual differences in VOTE can be reliably measured and clearly distinguished from traditional impulsivity or self-control scales (Studies 1–3; total N = 576). Across three subsequent studies (total N = 460), we then demonstrate that high VOTE, as compared with low VOTE, reduces the link between impulsive behaviours and negative self-conscious emotions (Studies 4 and 5), as well as between past impulsive behaviour and self-improvement motivation (Study 6). These findings have implications for the discourse on self-control failure and for the link between impulsive behaviour and self-evaluation, self-improvement motivation, and well-being. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Table S1. Included and excluded items of the final 10-item VOTE scale. German translation in parentheses. Table S2. Overview of regression results for moderator analysis predicting feelings of guilt from frequency of impulsive behaviors and VOTE, both without and with control variables included (Study 4) Table S3. Overview of regression results for moderator analysis predicting feelings of shame from frequency of impulsive behaviors and VOTE, both without and with control variables included (Study 4) Figure S1. Guilt (left panel) and Shame (right panel) as a function of frequency of impulsive behaviors and valuation of temptation enactment (VOTE) in Study 4. Estimated slopes are based on values one standard deviation below and above the mean of frequency of impulsive behaviors and VOTE. ***p < .001. *p < .05. Figure S2. Forest plots from the meta-analysis of the relationship between VOTE and gender (0 = male; 1 = female; Panel A) and VOTE and age (Panel B) across all six studies. |
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