Balanced Skills and the City: An Analysis of the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Skill Balance, Thickness, and Innovation
Elisabeth Bublitz
Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Heimhuder Str. 71, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Fritsch
School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Wyrwich
School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorElisabeth Bublitz
Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Heimhuder Str. 71, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Fritsch
School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Wyrwich
School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Entrepreneurs are assumed to be multiskilled, covering a number of skills and achieving in each skill a level as high as possible. Being such a jack-of-all-trades increases the probability of running an entrepreneurial venture successfully, but what happens to the jack-of-few-trades who lacks sufficient skills? This article investigates a possible compensation mechanism between balanced skills and cities and how this compensatory measure relates to performance. Specifically, we test and find support for the idea put forward by Helsley and Strange that high market thickness, such as that found in cities, can compensate for a lack of entrepreneurial skill balance. The results indicate that entrepreneurs with low skill balance benefit more from being located in cities than their counterparts with high skill balance. Innovative firms do not differ from other businesses in this respect.
References
- Alonso, W. 1971. The economics of urban size. Papers in Regional Science 26: 67–83.
- Armington, C., and Acs, Z. J. 2002. The determinants of regional variation in new firm formation. Regional Studies 36: 33–45.
- Åstebro, T., and Thompson, P. 2011. Entrepreneurs, jacks of all trades or hobos? Research policy 40: 637–49.
- Audretsch, D. B. 1995. Innovation and industry evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Audretsch, D. B., and Feldman, M. P. 1996. R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. American Economic Review 86: 630–40.
- Baron, R. A. 2004. The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic “why” questions. Journal of Business Venturing 19: 221–39.
- Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., van Praag, M., and Verheul, I. 2012. Entrepreneurship and role models. Journal of Economic Psychology 33: 410–24.
- Bosma, N., and Sternberg, R. 2014. Entrepreneurship as an urban event? Empirical evidence from European cities. Regional Studies 48: 1016–33.
-
Brezinski, H., and
Fritsch, M. 1995. Transformation: The shocking German way. MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies 5: 1–25.
10.1007/BF00996593 Google Scholar
- Brüderl, J., Preisendörfer, P., and Ziegler, R. 1992. Survival chances of newly founded business organizations. American Sociological Review 57: 227–42.
- Bublitz, E., and Noseleit, F. 2014. The skill balancing act: When does broad expertise pay off? Small Business Economics 42: 17–32.
- Cantner, U., Goethner, M., and Stuetzer, M. 2010. Disentangling the effects of new venture team functional heterogeneity on new venture performance. Jena Economic Research Papers 2010–029. Jena, Germany: Friedrich Schiller University and the Max Planck Institute of Economics.
-
Cardon, M. S., and
Stevens, C. E. 2004. Managing human resources in small organizations: What do we know? Human Resource Management Review 14: 295–323.
10.1016/j.hrmr.2004.06.001 Google Scholar
- Castro, L. M., Montoro-Sanchez, A., and Ortiz-De-Urbina-Criado, M. 2011. Innovation in services industries: Current and future trends. Service Industries Journal 31: 7–20.
-
Coad, A. 2009. The growth of firms: A survey of theories and empirical evidence. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub.
10.4337/9781848449107 Google Scholar
- Coase, R. H. 1937. The nature of the firm. Economica 4: 386–405.
- Combes, P., Duranton, G., Gobillon, L., and Roux, S. 2012. Sorting and local wage and skill distributions in France. Regional Science and Urban Economics 42: 913–30.
- Dohse, D., and Vaona, A. 2013. Start-up complexity and the thickness of regional input markets. Kiel working paper 1842. Kiel, German: Kiel Institute for World Economy.
- Duranton, G., and Puga, D. 2004. Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies. In Handbook of regional and urban economics, Handbooks in economics, Volume 4, Cities and geography, ed. J. V. Henderson and J. Thisse, 2036–117. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Eisenhardt, K. M., and Schoonhoven, C. B. 1990. Organizational growth: Linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures, 1978–1988. Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 504–29.
- Elfenbein, D. W., Hamilton, B. H., and Zenger, T. R. 2010. The small firm effect and the entrepreneurial spawning of scientists and engineers. Management Science 5: 659–81.
- Fritsch, M., Brixy, U., and Falck, O. 2006. The effect of industry, region and time on new business survival: A multi-dimensional analysis, Review of Industrial Organization 28: 285–306.
- Fritsch, M., Bublitz, E., Sorgner, A., and Wyrwich, M. 2014. How much of a socialist legacy? The reemergence of entrepreneurship in the East German transformation to a market economy, Small Business Economics 43: 427-46.
-
Glaeser, E. L. 2007. Entrepreneurship and the city. Working paper 113551. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
10.3386/w13551 Google Scholar
- Hartog, J., van Praag, M., and van der Sluis, J. 2010. If you are so smart, why aren't you an entrepreneur? Returns to cognitive and social ability: Entrepreneurs versus employees. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 19: 947–89.
- Hayton, J. C., and Zahra, S. A. 2005. Venture team human capital and absorptive capacity in high technology new ventures. International Journal of Technology Management 313: 256–74.
- Helsley, R. W., and Strange, W. C. 1991. Agglomeration economies and urban capital markets. Journal of Urban Economics 29: 96–112.
- Helsley, R. W., and Strange, W. C. 2011. Entrepreneurs and cities: Complexity, thickness and balance. Regional Science and Urban Economics 41: 550–59.
- Heneman, R. L., Tansky, J. W., and Camp, S. M. 2000. Human resource management practices in small and medium-sized enterprises: Unanswered questions and future research perspectives. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 25: 11–26.
-
Hoover, E. M., and
Vernon, R. 1959. Anatomy of a metropolis: The changing distribution of people and jobs within the New York Metropolitan Area. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10.4159/harvard.9780674498617 Google Scholar
- Hyytinen, A., and Maliranta, M. 2008. When do employees leave their job for entrepreneurship? Scandinavian Journal of Economics 110: 1–21.
- Jacobs, J. 1961. The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
- Jacobs, J. 1969. The economy of cities. New York: Random House.
-
Katz, J. A.,
Aldrich, H. E.,
Welbourne, T. M., and
Williams, P. M. 2000. Special issue on human resource management and the SME: Toward a new synthesis. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 25: 7–26.
10.1177/104225870002500102 Google Scholar
- Lazear, E. P. 2004. Balanced skills and entrepreneurship. American Economic Review 94: 208–11.
- Lazear, E. P. 2005. Entrepreneurship. Journal of Labor Economics 23: 649–80.
- Mansfield, E. 1962. Entry, Gibrat's law, innovation, and the growth of firms. American Economic Review 52: 1023–51.
- McCann, P. 2013. Modern urban and regional economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Michelacci, C., and Silva, O. 2007. Why so many local entrepreneurs? Review of Economics and Statistics 89: 615–33.
- Oberschachtsiek, D. 2012. The experience of the founder and self-employment duration: A comparative advantage approach. Small Business Economics 39: 1–17.
- Pires, C. P., Sarkar, S., and Carvalho, L. 2008. Innovation in services—How different from manufacturing? Service Industries Journal 28: 1339–56.
- Renski, H. C. 2011. External economies of localization, urbanization and industrial diversity and new firm survival. Papers in Regional Science 90: 473–502.
- Rosenthal, S. S., and Strange, W. C. 2003. Geography, industrial organization, and agglomeration. Review of Economics and Statistics 85: 377–93.
- Sato, Y., Tabuchi, T., and Yamamoto, K. 2012. Market size and entrepreneurship. Journal of Economic Geography 12: 1139–66.
- Schumpeter, J. A. 1934. The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Shane, S. 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science 11: 448–69.
- Shane, S. 2009. Why encouraging more people to become entrepreneurs is bad public policy. Small Business Economics 33: 141–49.
- Silva, O. 2007. The jack-of-all-trades entrepreneur: Innate talent or acquired skill? Economics Letters 97: 118–23.
- Sorenson, O., and Audia, P. G. 2000. The social structure of entrepreneurial activity: Geographic concentration of footwear production in the United States, 1940–1989. American Journal of Sociology 106: 424–62.
- Sorgner, A., Fritsch, M., and Kritikos, A. 2014. Do entrepreneurs really earn less? Jena Economic Research Papers 2014–029. Jena, Germany: Friedrich Schiller University and Max Planck Institute of Economics.
-
Spengler, A. 2008. The establishment history panel. Schmollers Jahrbuch: Journal of Applied Social Science Studies 128: 501–09.
10.3790/schm.128.3.501 Google Scholar
- Stam, E. 2007. Why butterflies don't leave: Locational behavior of entrepreneurial firms. Economic Geography 83: 27–50.
- Storper, M. and Venables, A. J. 2004. Buzz: Face-to-face contact and the urban economy. Journal of Economic Geography 4: 351–70.
- Stuart, T., and Sorenson, O. 2003. The Geography of opportunity: Spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms. Research Policy 32: 229–53.
- Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., and Schmitt-Rodermund, E. 2013. Balanced skills among nascent entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics 41: 93–114.
- Thakur, S. P. 1999. Size of investment, opportunity choice and human resources in new venture growth: Some typologies. Journal of Business Venturing 14: 283–309.
- Tansky, J. W., and Heneman, R. L. 2006. Human resource strategies for the high growth entrepreneurial firm. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
- Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., and Wright, M. 2009. The extent and nature of opportunity identification by experienced entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing 24: 99–115.
- Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., and Rosenbusch, N. 2011. Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing 26: 341–58.
- Venables, A. J. 2011. Productivity in cities: Self-selection and sorting. Journal of Economic Geography 11: 241–51.
-
Vernon, R. 1960. Metropolis 1985. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10.4159/harvard.9780674366213 Google Scholar
- Wagner, J. 2003. Testing Lazear's jack-of-all-trades view of entrepreneurship with German micro data. Applied Economics Letters 10: 687–89.
- Wagner, J. 2004. Are young and small firms hothouses for nascent entrepreneurs? Evidence from German micro data. Applied Economics Quarterly 50: 379–91.
- Wagner, J. 2006. Are nascent entrepreneurs ‘jacks-of-all-trades’? A test of Lazear's theory of entrepreneurship with German data. Applied Economics 38: 2415–19.