Microbial colonization of metal sulfide minerals at a diffuse-flow deep-sea hydrothermal vent at 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise
Chloe H. Wang
Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLara K. Gulmann
Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorTong Zhang
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Search for more papers by this authorGabriela A. Farfan
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Department of Mineral Sciences, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Colleen M. Hansel
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Correspondence
Colleen M. Hansel, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Email: chansel@whoi.edu
Stefan M. Sievert, Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Email: ssievert@whoi.edu
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Stefan M. Sievert
Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Correspondence
Colleen M. Hansel, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Email: chansel@whoi.edu
Stefan M. Sievert, Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Email: ssievert@whoi.edu
Search for more papers by this authorChloe H. Wang
Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLara K. Gulmann
Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorTong Zhang
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Search for more papers by this authorGabriela A. Farfan
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Department of Mineral Sciences, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Colleen M. Hansel
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Correspondence
Colleen M. Hansel, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Email: chansel@whoi.edu
Stefan M. Sievert, Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Email: ssievert@whoi.edu
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Stefan M. Sievert
Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Correspondence
Colleen M. Hansel, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Email: chansel@whoi.edu
Stefan M. Sievert, Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Email: ssievert@whoi.edu
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Metal sulfide minerals, including mercury sulfides (HgS), are widespread in hydrothermal vent systems where sulfur-oxidizing microbes are prevalent. Questions remain as to the impact of mineral composition and structure on sulfur-oxidizing microbial populations at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, including the possible role of microbial activity in remobilizing elemental Hg from HgS. In the present study, metal sulfides varying in metal composition, structure, and surface area were incubated for 13 days on and near a diffuse-flow hydrothermal vent at 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise. Upon retrieval, incubated minerals were examined by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and epifluorescence microscopy (EFM). DNA was extracted from mineral samples, and the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequenced to characterize colonizing microbes. Sulfur-oxidizing genera common to newly exposed surfaces (Sulfurimonas, Sulfurovum, and Arcobacter) were present on all samples. Differences in their relative abundance between and within incubation sites point to constraining effects of the immediate environment and the minerals themselves. Greater variability in colonizing community composition on off-vent samples suggests that the bioavailability of mineral-derived sulfide (as influenced by surface area, crystal structure, and reactivity) exerted greater control on microbial colonization in the ambient environment than in the vent environment, where dissolved sulfide is more abundant. The availability of mineral-derived sulfide as an electron donor may thus be a key control on the activity and proliferation of deep-sea chemosynthetic communities, and this interpretation supports the potential for microbial dissolution of HgS at hydrothermal vents.
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