Economic Transition, Class Formation, and the Superintendent State in the Midwest: 1850-1900
Corresponding Author
Brad Bauerly
Brad Bauerly is a Lecturer in Political Science and Global Studies at the University of Vermont. He specializes in global political economy, the politics of the food system, and state responses to social movements. His book The Agrarian Seeds of Empire explores the important relationship between economic development, social movements and state-building. He can be reached at bbauerly@uvm.edu.Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Brad Bauerly
Brad Bauerly is a Lecturer in Political Science and Global Studies at the University of Vermont. He specializes in global political economy, the politics of the food system, and state responses to social movements. His book The Agrarian Seeds of Empire explores the important relationship between economic development, social movements and state-building. He can be reached at bbauerly@uvm.edu.Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This article outlines and clarifies the complex relationship between economic development, the formation of classes, political movement responses to these changes, and state institutional capacity building in response to these movements in the Midwestern US. It seeks to remedy views of the transition to capitalism in America that focus too narrowly on a moment of transition, positing instead a long, politically contested process of class formation by elucidating the specific interactions between agrarian and union movements and state-building processes. Our research reveals the substantial role of the state in forcing through acceptance of economic changes and shifting class locations through a co-developmental process of political resistance movements and state-building.
REFERENCES
- Aldrich, L. 2002. Cyrus McCormick and the American Reaper. Greensboro: Morgan Reynolds.
- Attack, J. & Bateman, F. 1987. To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North, Ames, University of Iowa Press.
- Barron, H 1997. Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930, Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press.
- Bauerly, B. 2017a. Agrarian Seeds of Empire: The Political Economy of Agriculture in US State Building. Leiden, Brill.
10.1163/9789004314146 Google Scholar
- Bauerly, B. 2017b. “The agro-industrial state: early agrarian influence on US state building.” The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(3), pp. 525-544.
- Bensel, R. 1991. Yankee Leviathan. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511527999 Google Scholar
- Bensel, R. 2007a. The political economy of American industrialization, 1877-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bensel, R. 2007b. The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bernstein, H. 2010. Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change: Agrarian Change and Peasant Studies. Halifax: Fernwood Press.
- Blanke, D. 2000. Sowing American Dream: How Consumer Culture Took Root in the Rural Midwest, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
- Block, W. 1960. “The Separation of the Farm Bureau and the Extension Service: Political Issues in a Federal System”. Studies in the Social Sciences, 47, n/a–n/a.
- Bouge, A. 1958. “The Iowa Claims Clubs: Symbol and Substance”, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 45(2): 231-53
10.2307/1902928 Google Scholar
- Boyle, J. 1922. Chicago Wheat Prices for Eighty-one Years. NYC: Macmillan.
- Brady, D. 1966. Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States after 1800, NBER books, Washington DC.
- Brecher, J. 1997. Strike, Cambridge: South End.
- Brenner, R. 1985. “ Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe” In T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philipin The Brenner Debate. NYC: Cambridge Press.
- Brown, R. 1978. Massachusetts a Bicentennial History. NY: W. W. Norton & Co.
- Bryer, R. 2012a. “Americanism and financial accounting theory – Part 1: Was America born capitalist?” Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Volume 23, Issues 7–8, Pages 511-555
10.1016/j.cpa.2012.09.003 Google Scholar
- Bryer, R. 2012b. “Americanism and financial accounting theory – Part 2: The ‘modern business enterprise’, America's transition to capitalism, and the genesis of management accounting”, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Volume 24, Issues 4–5, Pages 273-318
- Bushman, R. 1998. “Markets and Composite Farms in Early America”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 351-374
- Bushman, R. 2009. Taming Democracy: "The People," the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution. Oxford: Oxford Press.
- Chandler, A. 1977. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
- Chorev, N. 2007. Remaking US Trade Policy: From Protectionism to Globalization, Ithaca: Cornell.
10.7591/j.ctt7zh4z Google Scholar
- Clark, C. 1990. The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860. Ithaca: Cornell.
- Clark, C. 2006. Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War. Chicago: Ivan R.Dee.
- Cronon, W. 1991. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
- Earle, C. and Hoffman, R. 1980. “The Foundation of the Modern Economy: Agriculture and the Costs of Labor in the United States and England, 1800-60”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 85, No.5, pp. 1055-1094.
- Emery, H. C. 1896. Speculation on the Stock and Produce Exchanges of the United State. NYC: Columbia Press.
- Fishlow, A. 1965. American Railroads and the Transformation of the Ante-Bellum Economy, Cambridge: Harvard.
- Foner, P. 1955. History of the Labor Movement, Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism. New York: International Publishers
- Formisano, R. P. 2008. For the People: American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Friedmann, H. 1978. “Simple Commodity Production and Wage Labour in the American Plains”. Journal of Peasant Studies, 6: 71-100.
- Gates, P. 1934. The Illinois Central Railroad and Its Colonization Work Cambridge: Harvard Press.
10.4159/harvard.9780674281615 Google Scholar
- Gates, P. 1960. The Farmer's Age: Agriculture, 1815-1860. NYC: Harper Torchbooks.
- Gates, P. 1968. History of Public Land Law Development. Washington: Government Printing Office.
- Gates, P. 1973. Landlords and Tenants on the Prairie Frontier. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- George, H. 1871. The Complete Works of Henry George. NY: Doubleday Page and Company.
- Gindin, S. 2014. “ Clarifying the Crisis”, Jacobin Magazine Online 1/2/14, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/01/clarifying-the-crisis (Accessed Oct. 2018).
- Gourevitch, A. 2014. From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth, NYC: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9781139519434 Google Scholar
- Greenberg, B. 2017. The Dawning of American Labor: The New Republic to the Industrial Age. NYC: Wiley Blackwell.
10.1002/9781119394211 Google Scholar
- Hahn, S. 2006. The roots of southern populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hahn, S. 2017. A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, NYC: Viking Press
- Hahn, S. and Prude, J. 1987. The Countryside in the age of capitalist transformation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Headlee, S. 1991. The Political Economy of the Family Farm: The Agrarian Roots of American Capitalism. NY: Praeger.
- Henderson, G. 1998. California and the Fictions of Capital. Philadelphia: Temple Press.
- Henretta, JA. 1991. “ The Transition to Capitalism in America”, in The Origins of American Capitalism: Collected Essays. Boston: North-Eastern University.
- Hodgland, W. (2015). Not our independence day. Jacobin Magazine, (accessed July 2015). https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/07/hogeland-independence-day-american-revolution-socialist/
- Holloway, J. and Picciotto, S. 1977. “Capital, Crisis and the State”, Capital & Class Vol. 2 Iss. 2, 76-101
10.1177/030981687700200104 Google Scholar
- Holton, W. 2007. Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution, NYC: MacMillion.
- Jelley, S.M. 1887. The Voice of Labor, Chicago: A.B. Gehman & Company
- Jentz, J. and Schneirov, R. 2012. Chicago in the Age of Capital: Class, Politics, and Democracy during the Civil War and Reconstruction, Champaign Ill: University of Illinois Press
10.5406/illinois/9780252036835.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Katz, P. 1998. Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Kline, R. 2000. Consumers in the Country: Technology and Social Change in Rural America, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
- Knafo, S. and Teshke, B. 2017. “ The Rules of Reproduction of Capitalism: A Historicist Critique”, Center for Global Political Economy Working Paper No. 12. Brighton: University of Sussex.
- Kulikoff, A. 1992. The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
- Lamjoreaux, N. 2003. “Rethinking the Transition to Capitalism in Early American Northeast”, The Journal of American History, Vol. 90, No. 2 pg. 437-461.
- Lebergott, S. 1966. “ Labor Force and Employment, 1800–1960” in Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States after 1800, Dorothy S. Brady (ed.), Washington: NBER
- Libecap, G. 1991. “ The Rise of the Chicago Packers and the Origins of Meat Inspection and Antitrust”, NBER Working Paper #29, Washington: NBER
10.3386/h0029 Google Scholar
- Lipset, S. 1960. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, NYC: Doubleday & Co.
- Maher, S. 2016. “The Capitalist State, Corporate Political Mobilization, and the Origins of Neoliberalism”, Critical Sociology, n/a, 1-19.
- Mann, S. 1990. Agrarian Capitalism in Theory and Practice. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.
- Maples, K. 2009. Sweet Tyranny: Migrant Labor, Industrial Agriculture, And Imperial Politics, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
- Mayhew, A. 1972. “A Reappraisal of the Causes of Farm Protest in the United States, 1870-1900”, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 464-475
- McCabe, J. D. 2009. The History of the Great Riots: Being a Full and Authentic Account of the. Baltimore, Chicago, and Other Cities. University of Michigan Library (April 27, 2009)
- McCoy, D.R. 1980. The Elusive Republic: political economy in Jeffersonian America. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.
- McNeill, G. 1892. The Labor Movement: The Problem of to-Day, New York: M. W. Hazen Co.
- Merrill, M. 1976. “Cash is Good To Eat: Self-Sufficiency in the Rural Economy of the United States”, Radical History Review, 3,4: 42-72.
- Merrill, M. 1995. “Putting "Capitalism" in Its Place: A Review of Recent Literature”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 2, pg. 315-326.
- Meyer, D. 1989. “Midwestern Industrialization and The American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century”. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 49 pg. 21-37.
- Montgomery, D. 1987. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 NYC: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
10.1017/CBO9780511528774 Google Scholar
- Nemi, A. 1970. “A Further Look At Interregional Canals and Economic Specialization: 1820-1840” Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 7, Iss. 4, 499.
- Nemi, A. 1987. State and Regional Patterns in American Manufacturing 1860-1900. Westport: Greenwood.
- North, D. 1961. The Economic Growth of the United States: 1790-1860. NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
- O'Connor, J. 1975. “The Twisted Dream”. In Monthly Review 26(10): 41-54.
10.14452/MR-026-10-1975-03_4 Google Scholar
- Opie, J. 1994. The Law of the Land: Two Hundred Years of American Agricultural Policy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
- Pabst, M. (1940). “ Agricultural Trends in the Connecticut Valley Region of Massachusetts, 1800-1900,” Smith College Studies in History, Vol XXVI.
- Page, B. and Walker, R. 1991. “From Settlement to Fordism: The Agro-Industrial Revolution in the American Midwest.” Economic Geography 67: 281-315.
- Panitch, L. 2010. “ Globalization and the State” in The Globalization Decade, Leo Pantich, Colin Leys, Alan Zuege, and Martain Konings (eds). Nova Scotia, BC: Fernwood.
- Panitch, L. 2012. The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire. NY: Verso Press.
- Parisot, J. 2019. How America Became Capitalist: Imperial Expansion and the Conquest of the West, London: Pluto Press
10.2307/j.ctvbcd19m Google Scholar
- Porter, G. and Livesay, H. 1971. Merchants and Manufacturers. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
- Post, C. 1982. “The American Road to Capitalism.” New Left Review, I(133): 30-51.
- Post, C. 1995. “The Agrarian Origins of US Capitalism: The Transformation of the Northern Countryside Before the Civil War”. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 22(3): 389-445.
- Post, C. 2011. The American Road to Capitalism: Studies in Class-Structure, Economic Development and Political Conflict, 1620-1877. Boston: Brill.
10.1163/ej.9789004201040.i-298 Google Scholar
- Post, C. 2013. “Capitalism, Laws of Motion and Social Relations of Production” Historical Materialism 21.4, 71-91.
- Poulantzas, N. 1973. Classes in Contemporary Capitalism. London: NLB.
- Prude, J. 1983. The Coming of the Industrial Order: Town and Factory Life in Rural Massachusetts, 1810-1860. Cambridge: Harvard Press.
- Pudup, M. B. 1987. “From Farm to Factory: Structuring and Location of the U.S. Farm Machinery Industry” Economic Geography, 63(3): 203-222.
- Rana, A. 2010. The Two Faces of American Freedom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Rioux, S. 2015. “The Fiction of Economic Coercion: Political Marxism and the Separation of Theory and History”, Historical Materialism 21, 4, pg 92 – 128.
- Rothenberg, W. 1981. “The Market and the Massachusetts Farmers, 1750-1855”, Journal of Economic History, 41(2): 283-314.
- Saloutos, T. 1962. "Land Policy and its Relation to Agricultural Production and Distribution, 1862 to 1933", Journal of Economic History 22 4: 445-60.
- Sanders, E. 1999. Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877-1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Shannon, F. A. 1977. The Farmer's Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860-1897. White Plains: M.E. Sharpe.
- Skowronek, S. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Stephenson, G. M. (1917). The Political History of the Public Lands, from 1840 to 1862: From Pre-Emption to Homestead. Public Domain originally published in Boston by Richard G. Badger.
- Stock, C. M. 1996. Rural Radicals: From Bacon's Rebellion to the Oklahoma City Bombing NY: Penguin.
- Taylor, C. 1917. History of the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago. Chicago: Robert O. Law.
- Taylor, C. 1929. History of Agricultural Education in the United States, 1785-1925. Cornell: Cornell Press.
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1864. Agriculture in the United State 1860. Washington: Government Printing Office.
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1870. Census of Agriculture Washington: Government Printing Office.
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1883. Tenth Census, Agriculture, Washington: Government Printing Office.
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1935. Yearbook of Agriculture 1935. Washington: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Census Bureau 1834. Fifteenth Census of the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Census Bureau, 1850. Seventh Census of the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Census Bureau 1860. Eighth Census of the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Census Bureau 1865. A Compendium of the Eighth Census. Washington: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Treasury Department, 1958. Grain Trade of the U.S., Washington: Government Printing Office
- Voss, K. 1993. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
- Wade, L. C. 1987. Chicago's Pride: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century. Urbana: University of Chicago Press.
- Walsh, M. 1982. “From Pork Merchant to Meat Packer: The Midwestern Meat Industry in the Mid-Ninteenth Century.” Agricultural History 56:127-37, 167-71.
- Winders, B 2009, The Politics of Food Supply: US Agricultural Policy in the World Economy, New Haven: Yale Press.
- Wood, E. M. 1981. “The Separation of the Economic and the Political in Capitalism”, New Left Review, 12, I-127.
- Wood, E. M. 1990. Democracy Against Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wood, E. M. 2012. The Ellen Meiksins Wood Reader. Ed. L. Patriquin Boston: Brill.
10.1163/9789004230095 Google Scholar
- Wood, G. 1969. The Creation of the American Republic: 1776-1787. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.
- Wood, G. 1996. “The Enemy is Us: Democratic Capitalism in the Early Republic”, Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 16 pg. 293-308.
10.2307/3124251 Google Scholar
- Wood, G. 1999. “Was America Born Capitalist?”, Wilson Quarterly, Vol. 23 pg. 36-46.
- Young, A. 1974. The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.