Influence of hydrology on water quality and trophic state of irrigation reservoirs in Sri Lanka
Sareeha Nadarajah
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
Search for more papers by this authorW. M. H. Kelum Wijenayake
Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Livestock Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP), Sri Lanka
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Upali S. Amarasinghe
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
Correspondence
Upali S. Amarasinghe, Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
Email: zoousa@kln.ac.lk
Search for more papers by this authorSareeha Nadarajah
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
Search for more papers by this authorW. M. H. Kelum Wijenayake
Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Livestock Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP), Sri Lanka
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Upali S. Amarasinghe
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
Correspondence
Upali S. Amarasinghe, Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
Email: zoousa@kln.ac.lk
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Many reservoirs provide multiple benefits to people around the world, in addition to primary uses such as irrigation. Thus, reservoir management should address their multiple uses. The water quality of ten irrigation reservoirs in Sri Lanka was examined in the present study with the objective of better understanding the effects of hydrological regimes on reservoir water quality and trophic state. Basic limnological parameters pertinent to the nutrient loads to, and trophic state of, the reservoirs were collected from June 2013 to February 2016. The sampling period was arbitrarily divided into two periods of approximately similar duration (period 1 = June 2013–September 2014; period 2 = October 2014–February 2016) to investigate whether or not there was a seasonal variation in the water quality parameters. Although temporal and spatial variations were observed, most water quality parameters were within the levels acceptable for drinking water standards. The 10 reservoirs were also ordinated by principal component analysis (PCA) on the basis of the water quality parameters of the two sampling periods in a two-dimensional score plot. Reservoirs in the first principal component (PC1) axis were represented by negative scores attributable to the dissolved oxygen concentration and pH and, to a lesser extent, by electrical conductivity and chlorophyll-a concentration. Positive scores in PC1 were represented by reservoirs with a score loading attributable to alkalinity, nitrate concentration, Secchi depth, temperature and seston weight and, to a lesser extent, from the total phosphorus concentration. There was a significant negative correlation of PC1 scores with relative reservoir water-level fluctuation (RRLF; the ratio of mean reservoir water-level amplitude to mean reservoir depth). Furthermore, Carlson's trophic index also were influenced by RRLF, although not by hydraulic retention time (HRT), indicating allochthonous nutrient inputs into the irrigation reservoirs were mainly governed by RRLF, but not by HRT. Thus, the results of the present study provide useful insights into achieving desirable reservoir water quality through the manipulation of the hydrological regime.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
lre12283-sup-0001-AppendixS1.docxWord document, 15.7 KB |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- Abeysekera, A. B., Punyawardena, B. V. R., & Premalal, K. H. M. S. (2015). Recent trends of extreme positive rainfall anomalies in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Tropical Agriculturist, 163, 1–23.
- Amarasinghe, U. S., & De Silva, S. S. (2015). Fishes and fisheries of Asian inland lacustrine waters. In J. F. Craig (Ed.), Freshwater fisheries ecology (pp. 384–403). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118394380.ch31
10.1002/9781118394380.ch31 Google Scholar
- Amarasinghe, U. S., De Silva, S. S., & Nissanka, C. (2002). Evaluation of the robustness of predictive yield models based on catchment characteristics using GIS for reservoir fisheries in Sri Lanka. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 9, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2002.00307.x
- APHA (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater ( 22nd ed., p. 1496). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
- Borre, L., Barker, D. R., & Duker, L. E. (2001). Institutional arrangements for managing the great lakes of the world: Results of a workshop on implementing watershed approach. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 6, 199–209.
- Brandão, L. P. M., Brighenti, L. S., Staehr, P. A., Asmala, E., Massicotte, P., Tonetta, D., … Bezerra-Neto, J. F. (2018). Distinctive effects of allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter on CDOM spectra in a tropical lake. Biogeosciences, 15, 2931–2943. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2931-2018
- Carlson, R. E. (1977). A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22, 361–369. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361
- Carlson, R. E., & Simpson, J. (1996). A coordinator’s guide to volunteer lake monitoring methods (p. 96). Madison, WI: North American Lake Management Society.
- Carpenter, S. R. (2005). Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems: Bistability and soil phosphorus. Proceedings National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 102, 10002–10005. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503959102
- Clarke, K. R., & Gorley, R. N. (2001). PRIMER v5: User manual/tutorial. Primer – E. Plymouth, UK: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, 91 p.
- Clarke, K. R., & Warwick, R. M. (1994). Change in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Plymouth, UK: Plymouth Marine Laboratory.
- De Silva, S. S. (1988). Reservoirs of Sri Lanka and their fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 298, p. 128.
- Duncan, A., & Kubečka, J. (1995). Land/water ecotone effects in reservoirs on the fish fauna. Hydrobiologia, 303, 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00034040
- Environmental Foundation Limited (2015). Quick reference guide to relevant industrial standards of Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Environmental Foundation Limited.
- Fernando, C. H., & De Silva, S. S. (1984). Man-made lakes: Ancient heritage and modern biological resources. In C. H. Fernando (Ed.), Ecology and biogeography in Sri Lanka (pp. 431–451). The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers.
10.1007/978-94-009-6545-4_21 Google Scholar
- Fernando, C. H., & Holčik, J. (1991). Fish in reservoirs. Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie Und Hydrographie, 76, 149–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19910760202
- Fukushima, M., Tomioka, N., Jutagate, T., Hiroki, M., Murata, T., Preecha, C., … Imai, A. (2017). The dynamics of pico-sized and bloom-forming cyanobacteria in large water bodies in the Mekong River Basin. PLoS ONE, 12(12), e0189609. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189609
- Geekiyanage, N., & Pushpakumara, D. K. N. G. (2013). Ecology of ancient tank cascade systems in island Sri Lanka. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 2(2), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2013.11.001
10.1016/j.imic.2013.11.001 Google Scholar
- Gownaris, N. J., Rountos, K. J., Kaufman, L., Kolding, J., Lwiza, K. M. M., & Pikitch, E. K. (2018). Water level fluctuations and the ecosystem functioning of lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 44(6), 1154–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2018.08.005
- Groeger, A. W., & Kimmel, B. L. (1984). Organic matter supply and processing in lakes and reservoirs. Lake and Reservoir Management, 1(1), 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/07438148409354525
10.1080/07438148409354525 Google Scholar
- Hewavisenthi, A. C. S. (1992). Mahaweli water resources project. Water International, 17, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508069208686126
- Hewavisenthi, A. C. S. (1997). Management of the Mahaweli: A river in Sri Lanka. Water International, 22, 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508069708686678
10.1080/02508069708686678 Google Scholar
- Jayasinghe, A. D., Athula, J. A., De Silva, S. S., & Amarasinghe, U. S. (2018). Cattle and water buffalo densities wading into small village reservoirs of Sri Lanka impact on yields on the culture-based fisheries thereof. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Science, 23(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljas.v23i1.7547
10.4038/sljas.v23i1.7547 Google Scholar
- Jayatissa, L. P., Silva, E. I. L., McElhiney, J., & Lawton, L. A. (2006). Occurrence of toxigenic cyanobacterial blooms in fresh waters of Sri Lanka. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 29, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2005.07.007
- Jul-Larsen, E., Kolding, J., Overå, R., Nielsen, J. R., & van Zwieten, P. A. M. (2003). Management, co-management or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. 1. Synthesis report. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 426/1. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 127 p.
- Junk, W. J., Bayley, P. B., & Sparks, R. E. (1989). The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. Canadian Special Publication, Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 106, 110–127.
- Kawara, O., Yura, E., Fujii, S., & Matsumoto, T. (1998). A study on the role of hydraulic retention time in eutrophication of the Asahi River Dam reservoir. Water Science and Technology, 37(2), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00030-4
- Kennedy, R. H., & Walker, W. W. (1990). Reservoir nutrient dynamics. In K. W. Thornton, B. L. Kimmel, & F. E. Payne (Eds.), Reservoir limnology: Ecological perspectives (pp. 109–131). New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons.
- Kolding, J., & van Zwieten, P. A. M. (2006). Improving productivity in tropical lakes and reservoirs. CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. Aquatic Ecosystems and Fisheries Review, Series 1. Cairo, Egypt: World Fish Center. p. 139.
- Kolding, J., & van Zwieten, P. A. M. (2012). Relative lake level fluctuations and their influence on productivity and resilience in tropical lakes and reservoirs. Fisheries Research, 115–116, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2011.11.008
- Lambou, V. W., Hern, S. C., Taylor, W. D., & Williams, L. R. (1982). Chlorophyll, phosphorus, Secchi disk, and trophic states. Water Resources Bulletin, 18, 807–813. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb00076.x
- Lee, S. S., Lee, S., Kim, H., Park, H., Park, S., & Yum, K. (2012). Examination of critical factors related to summer chlorophyll a concentration in the Sueo Dam reservoir, Republic of Korea. Environmental Engineering Science, 29(6), 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2011.0070
- Lenat, D. R., & Crawford, J. K. (1994). Effects of land use on water quality and aquatic biota of three North Carolina piedmont streams. Hydrobiologia, 294, 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00021291
- Lu, J., Bunn, S. E., & Burford, M. A. (2018). Nutrient release and uptake by littoral macrophytes during water level fluctuations. Science of the Total Environment, 622, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.199
- Marambe, B., Pushpakumara, G., & Silva, P. (2012). Biodiversity and agrobiodiversity in Sri Lanka: Village tank systems. In: S.-I. Nakano, T. Yahara, & T. Nakashizuka (Eds.), The biodiversity observation network in the Asia-Pacific Region: Toward further development of monitoring, Ecological Research Monographs (pp. 403–430). Tokyo, Japan: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54032-8_28
10.1007/978-4-431-54032-8_28 Google Scholar
- Marmulla, G. (ed.) (2001). Dams, fish and fisheries: Opportunities, challenges and conflict resolution. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 419, 166 p. Rome, Italy: FAO.
- Marshall, B. E. (1984). Towards predicting ecology and fish yields in African reservoirs from pre-impoundment physico-chemical data. CIFA Technical Paper, 12, 36 pp. Rome: FAO.
- McLachlan, A. J. (1974). Development of some lake ecosystems in Africa with special reference to the invertebrates. Biological Reviews, 49, 365–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1974.tb01084.x
- Qian, K., Liu, X., & Chen, Y. (2016). Effects of water level fluctuation on phytoplankton succession in Poyang Lake, China – A five year study. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 16, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2016.08.001
- Rennella, A. M., & Quirós, R. (2006). The effects of hydrology on plankton biomass in shallow lakes of the Pampa Plain. Hydrobiologia, 556, 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-0318-y
- Renwick, M. E. (2001). Valuing water in a multiple-use system – Irrigated agriculture and reservoir fisheries. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 15(2), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012950912505
10.1023/A:1012950912505 Google Scholar
- Roth, N. E., Allan, J. D., & Erickson, D. L. (1996). Landscape influences on stream biotic integrity assessed at multiple spatial scales. Landscape Ecology, 11, 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02447513
- F. Schiemer (Ed.) (1983). Limnology of Parakrama Samudra-Sri Lanka: A case study of an ancient man-made in the tropics. Development in Hydrobiology, 12. The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. p. 236.
- Schinkler, D. W. (2006). Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 356–363. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0356
- Senanayake, P. A. A. P. K., & Yatigammana, S. K. (2017). Quantitative observations of cyanobacteria and dinoflagellata in reservoirs of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science, 46(4), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v46i4.7468
10.4038/cjs.v46i4.7468 Google Scholar
- Sethunge, S., & Manage, P. M. (2010). Nuisance algae in water supply projects in Sri Lanka. Proceedings, International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment (ICSBE-2010), Kandy, 13–14 December 2010. pp. 62–70.
- Simon, D., Silva, E. I. L., & Schiemer, F. (2008). Catchment characteristics, hydrology, limnology and socio-economic features of three reservoirs in Sri Lanka. In F. Schiemer, D. Simon, U. S. Amarasinghe, & J. Moreau (Eds.), Aquatic ecosystems and development: Comparative Asian perspectives, Biology of Inland Waters (pp. 19–44). Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers.
- Søballe, D. M., & Kimmel, B. L. (1987). A large scale comparison of factors influencing phytoplankton abundance in lakes, rivers, and impoundments. Ecology, 68, 1943–1954. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939885
- Straškraba, M., Dostálková, I., Hejzlar, J., & Vyhnálek, V. (1995). The effect of reservoirs on phosphorus concentration. International Journal of Hydrobiology, 80, 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19950800304
- Straškraba, M., Tundisi, J. G., & Duncan, A. (1993). State-of-the-Art of reservoir limnology and water quality management. In M. Straskraba, J. G. Tundisi, & A. Duncan (Eds.), Comparative reservoir limnology and water quality management (pp. 213–288). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1096-1_13
10.1007/978-94-017-1096-1_13 Google Scholar
- Wantzen, K. M., Rothaupt, K.-O., Mortl, M., Cantonati, M., Toth, L., & Fischer, P. (2008). Ecological effects of water-level fluctuations in lakes: An urgent issue. Hydrobiologia, 613, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9466-1
- Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems (p. 1006). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-057439-4.50001-0
- Yatigammana, S. K., & Cumming, B. F. (2016). Physical and chemical characteristics of ancient and recent reservoirs of Sri Lanka. Fundamentals of Applied Limnology, 188(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1127/fal/2016/0920