REVIEW ARTICLE
Taxonomic status of fish parasites in Kenyan inland water systems and their significance on the freshwater fisheries and aquaculture productivity within the region
Caroline Jepkorir Kibet,
Oscar Omondi Donde,
Brian Okwiri,
Elick Onyango Otachi,
Corresponding Author
Caroline Jepkorir Kibet
State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Ichthyology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Correspondence
Caroline Jepkorir Kibet, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
Email: kibetcaroline40@gmail.com
Oscar Omondi Donde, Lake Restoration Research Group, Institute of Hydrobiology, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
Email: oscinho@yahoo.co.uk
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Oscar Omondi Donde
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Lake Restoration Research Group, Institute of Hydrobiology, Wuhan, China
Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
Correspondence
Caroline Jepkorir Kibet, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
Email: kibetcaroline40@gmail.com
Oscar Omondi Donde, Lake Restoration Research Group, Institute of Hydrobiology, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
Email: oscinho@yahoo.co.uk
Search for more papers by this authorBrian Okwiri
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Ichthyology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Fish Taxonomy and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, China
Search for more papers by this authorElick Onyango Otachi
Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
Search for more papers by this authorCaroline Jepkorir Kibet,
Oscar Omondi Donde,
Brian Okwiri,
Elick Onyango Otachi,
Corresponding Author
Caroline Jepkorir Kibet
State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Ichthyology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Correspondence
Caroline Jepkorir Kibet, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
Email: kibetcaroline40@gmail.com
Oscar Omondi Donde, Lake Restoration Research Group, Institute of Hydrobiology, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
Email: oscinho@yahoo.co.uk
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Oscar Omondi Donde
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Lake Restoration Research Group, Institute of Hydrobiology, Wuhan, China
Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
Correspondence
Caroline Jepkorir Kibet, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
Email: kibetcaroline40@gmail.com
Oscar Omondi Donde, Lake Restoration Research Group, Institute of Hydrobiology, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
Email: oscinho@yahoo.co.uk
Search for more papers by this authorBrian Okwiri
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Ichthyology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Fish Taxonomy and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, China
Search for more papers by this authorElick Onyango Otachi
Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Fish are a resource with great economic, nutritional and recreational benefits to humans on a global scale. In Kenya, fish represent an important source of food and income through trade and employment to many communities. In fact, fish are an important alternative source of animal protein, especially in famine-tolerant arid and semi-arid regions such as Turkana, Marsabit, Pokot and Baringo Counties, where annual drought periodically hampers traditional livestock keeping destitute. Kenya freshwater fishes have remained vulnerable to a variety of parasites and related diseases. Approximately 119 fish parasites have been reported in the country, with about 83 being identified to species level and 35 to genus level. Out of the reported parasites, 77% were detected in wild fish, 8% in farm fish and 15% in both wild and farmed fish. The parasites identified by various studies include protozoa (7), myxozoa (7), nematode (20), monogenean (33), digenean (16), cestoda (15), acanthocephalan (6) and crustacean (15). The highly commercialized fishes, such as Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus, harbour the highest number of parasites, which greatly hinder fisheries and aquaculture productivity through retarded growth, mechanical damages, reduced reproduction rates and increased mortality of the fish hosts. Thus, there is need for adequate information on the taxonomy and ecology of these parasites as a basis for developing appropriate management and policies to control them. This review article is meant to provide an overview of the distribution, occurrence of fish parasites and their impacts on inland water fisheries and aquaculture in Kenya, while also highlighting the available gaps warranting further studies, with the goal of developing appropriate and accurate control measures to improve the region's fisheries and aquaculture productivity and food security.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| lre12284-sup-0001-Appendix1.docxWord document, 56.2 KB |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- Abowei, N. F. J., & Ezekiel, N. E. (2011). A review of myxosporea, microspora and monogenean infections in African fish. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2(5), 236–250.
- Aloo, A. P. (2002). A comparative study of helminth parasites from the fish Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis leucostictus in Lake Naivasha and Oloidien Bay, Kenya. Journal of Helminthology, 76(2), 95–104.
- Aloo, P. A. (1999). Ecological studies of helminths parasites of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, from Lake Naivasha and the Oloidien Bay, Kenya. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 73–79.
- Aloo, P., & Dezfuli, S. B. (1997). Occurrence of cystacanths of Polyacanthorhynchus kenyensis larvae (Acanthocephala) in four teleostean fishes from a tropical, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Folia Parasitologica, 44(3), 233–238.
- Aloo, P. A., Okelo, O. R., & Ntiba, J. M. (1996). Helminth fauna of Oreochromis leucostictus (Pisces: Cichlidae) from a tropical lake, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries, 7(1), 7–16.https://doi.org/10.4314/ajthf.v7i1.1377
10.4314/ajthf.v7i1.1377 Google Scholar
- Amin, M. O., & Dezfuli, S. B. (1995). Taxonomic notes on Polyacanthorhynchus kenyensis (Acanthocephala: Polyacanthorhynchidae) from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Journal of Parasitology, 81(1), 76–79.
- Anonymous (2005). Ministry of fisheries development website. Retrieved from http://:www.fisheries.go.ke.index.php
- Baker, J. R. (1960). Trypanosomes and dactylosomes from the blood of freshwater fishes in East Africa. Parasitology, 51, 515–526.
- Baker, J. R. (1963). Three new species of Myxosoma (Protozoa: myxosporidia) from East African freshwater fish. Parasitology, 53, 285–292.
- Bouzid, W., Lek, S., Mace, M., Hassine, B. O., Etienne, R., Legal, L., & Loot, G. (2008). Genetic diversity of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) based on analysis of inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 46(4), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.0047.x
- Buchmann, K., & Bresciani, J. (1997). Parasitic infections in pond-reared rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Denmark. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 28, 125–138. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao028125
- Chappell, L. H., Hardie, L. J., & Secombes, C. J. (1994). Diplostomiasis: The disease and host-parasite relationships. In: A. W. Pike, & D. J. Lewis (Eds.), Parasitic diseases of fish (pp. 59–86). Tresaith, Dyfed, UK: Samara Publisher.
- Chibwana, D. F., Blasco-Costa, I., Georgieva, S., Hosea, M. K., Nkwengulila, G., Scholz, T., & Kostadinova, A. (2013). A first insight into the barcodes for African diplosomids (Digenea: Diplostomidae): Brain parasites in Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae). Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 17, 62–70.
- Chubb, C. J. (1980). Seasonal occurrence of helminths in freshwater fishes Part III. Larval cestode and nematode. Advance in Parasitology, 18, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60398-X
- Chung, D.-I.-I., Moon, C.-H., Kong, H.-H., Choi, D.-W., & Lim, D.-K. (1995). The first human case of Clinostomum companatum (Trematoda: Clinostomidae) infection in Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 33(3), 219–223.
- Cowx, G. I., Rollins, D., & Tumwebaze, R. (2008). Effect of Ligula intestinalis on the reproductive capacity of Rasterineobola argentea in Lake Victoria. Journal of Fish Biology, 73(9), 2249–2260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02058
- Cowx, I. G., van der Knaap, M., Muhoozi, L. I., & Othina, A. (2003). Improving fishery catch statistics for Lake Victoria. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 6(3), 299–310.
10.1080/14634980301490 Google Scholar
- De Chambrier, D. A., Scholz, T., Mahmoud, N. Z., Mariaux, J., & Jirků, M. (2011). Tapeworm (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) of Synodontis spp. (Siluriformes) in Africa: Survey of species and their redescriptions. Zootaxa, 2976, 1–14.
10.11646/zootaxa.2976.1.1 Google Scholar
- Donde, O. O., Ojwang, O. W., Muia, A. W., & Wanga, L. A. (2014). Bacterial abundance on the skin, gills and intestines of Cyprinus carpio in Lake Naivasha, Kenya: Implications for public health and fish quality. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 19, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12050
10.1111/lre.12050 Google Scholar
- Douëllou, L. (1993). Monogeneans of the genus Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960 (Dactylogyridae: Ancyrocephalinae) from cichlids fishes of Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe) with descriptions of five new species. Systematic Parasitology, 25, 159–186.
- Dubinina, M. (1980). Tapeworm (Cestode, Ligulidae) of the fauna of the USSR. New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Co., Pvt Ltd.
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2014). The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture 2014: Opportunities and challenges. Rome, Italy: FAO.
- Florio, D., Gustinelli, A., Caffara, M., Turci, F., Quaglio, F., Konecny, R., … Fioravanti, L. M. (2009). Veterinary and public health aspects in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus niloticus) aquaculture in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia. Ittiopatologia, 6, 51–93.
- Francová, K., Sefertová, M., Blažek, R., Gelnar, M., Mahmoud, N. Z., & Řehulková, E. (2017). Quadriacanthus species (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in Eastern Africa: New species, new records and first insights into interspecific genetic relationships. Parasites and Vectors, 10, 361. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2223-4
- Fryer, G. (1961). The parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of the fishs of Lake Victoria and the Victoria Nile. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 137, 41–60.
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb06160.x Google Scholar
- Gherardi, F., Britton, J. R., Mavuthi, K. M., Pacini, N., Grey, J., Tricarico, E., & Harper, D. M. (2011). A review of allodiversity in Lake Naivasha, Kenya: Developing conservation actions to protect east African lakes from negative impacts of alien species. Biological Conservation, 144, 2585–2596.
- Gownaris, N. J., Pikitch, E., Aller, L. J., Kaufman, L., Kolding, J., Lwiza, K. M. M., … Rountos, K. J. (2016). Fisheries and water level fluctuations in the world’s largest desert lake. Ecohydrology, 10, e1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1769
- Gustinelli, A., Caffara, M., Florio, D., Otachi, O. E., Wathuta, M. E., & Fioravanti, L. M. (2010). First description of the adult stage of Clinostomum cutaneum Paperna, 1964 (Digenea: Clinostomidae) from grey herons Ardea cinerea L. and a redescription of te metacercaria from the Nile tilapia Orechromis niloticus (L.) in Kenya. Systematic Parasitology, 79, 39–51.
- Hara, H., Miyauchi, Y., Tahara, S., & Yamashita, H. (2014). Human laryngitis caused by Clinostomum complanatum. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 76, 181–185.
- Hickley, P., Bailey, R., Harper, M. D., Kundu, R., Muchiri, M., North, R., & Taylor, A. (2002). The status and future of the Lake Naivasha fishery, Kenya. Hydrobiologia, 488, 181–190.
- Hickley, P., Muchiri, S. M., Britton, J. R., & Boar, R. R. (2004). Discovery of carp Cyprinus carpio, in already stressed fishery of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Fish Management and Ecology, 11, 139–142.
- Hodkovicova, N., Chmelova, L., Sehonova, P., Blahova, J., Doubkova, V., Plhalova, L., … Faggio, C. (2019). The effects of a therapeutic formalin bath on selected immunological and oxidative stress parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Science of the Total Environment, 653, 1120–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.035
- Ikem, C. O., Obiezue, J. S., Ndunwanne, N. R., & Ifeanyi, E. O. (2014). Prevalence and seasonality of parasites of fish in Agulu Lake, Southeast, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(3), 502–508. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2013.13384
10.5897/AJB2013.13384 Google Scholar
- Kičinjaová, M. L., Blažek, R., Gelnar, M., & Řehulková, E.(2015). Annulotrema (Monogenean: Dactylogyridae) from the gills of Africa tetras (Characiformes: Alestidae) in Lake Turkana Kenya, with description of four new species and a redescription of A. elongate Paperna and Thurston, 1969. Parasitology Research, 114, 4107–4120.
- Kritsky, C. D., Kulo, D. S., & Boeger, A. W. (1987). Resurrection of Characidotrema Paperna and Thurson, 1968 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) with Description of two new species from Togo, Africa. Proceedings, Helminthology Society of Washington, 54(2), 175–184.
- Kuchta, R., Burianová, A., Jirku, M., de Chambrier, A., Oros, M., Barbec, J., & Scholz, T. (2012). Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kristenella n. gen and the description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp. Zootaxa, 3309, 1–35.
10.11646/zootaxa.3309.1.1 Google Scholar
- Lafferty, D. K. (1997). Environmental Parasitology: What can parasites tell us about human impacts on the environment? Parasitology Today, 13(7), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01072-7
- Lafferty, D. K., & Kuris, M. A. (1999). How environmental stress affects the impacts of parasites. Limnology and Oceanography, 44(3 part 2), 925–931.
- Langdon, J. S., Gudkovs, N., Humphrey, J. D., & Saxon, E. C. (1985). Deaths in Australian freshwater fishes associated with Chilodonella hexasticha infection. Australian Veterinary Journal, 62(409), 413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14122.x
- Lester, R. J. G., & Huizinga, H. W. (1977). Diplostomum adamsi sp. n.: Description, life cycle, and pathogenesis in the retina of Perca fluviatilis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 55, 584–587.
- MacKenzie, K., Williams, H. H., Williams, B., McVicar, H. A., & Siddall, R. (1995). Parasites as indicators of water quality and the use of helminthes transmission in marine pollution studies. Advances in Parasitology, 35, 85–144.
- Madanire-Moyo, G., & Barson, M. (2010). Diversity of metazoan parasites of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Butchell, 1822) as indicators of pollution in a subtropical African river system. Journal of Helminthology, 84, 216–227. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09990563
- Maina, K. W., Mbuthia, P. G., Waruiru, R. M., Nzalawahe, J., Murungami, J. W., Njagi, L. W., … Mavuti, S. K. (2017). Risk factors associated with parasites of farmed fish in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(4), 217–223.
- Mathenge, G. C. (2010). Prevalence, intensity and pathological lesions associated with helminths infections in farmed and wild fish in Upper Tana River Basin, Kenya. Thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
- Mbahinzireki, G. B. A. (1980). Observations on some common parasites of Bagrus docmac Forskahl (Pisces: Siluroidei) of Lake Victoria. Hydrobiologica, 75, 273–280.
- McCartor, A., & Becker, D. (2010). Blacksmith Institute’s world pollution problems report 2010: Top six threats. New York, NY: Blacksmith Institute. Retrieved from http://www.worstpolluted.org
- Migiro, E. K., Matolla, G. K., Ouko, V. O., & Victor, M. N. (2012). Diplostomum parasites affecting Orechromis niloticus in Chepkoilel Fish Farm and two dams in Eldoret-Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3(7), 121-127.
- Molnár, K. (1974). On diplostomiasis of the grass carp fry. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 24, 63–71.
- Mor, F., Kurşun, Ö., & Erdoğan, N. (2009). Effects of heavy metals residues on human health. Uludag University Faculty Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 28(1), 59–65.
- Moravec, F., Charo-Karisa, H., & Jirků, M. (2013). The morphology and systematics of Rhabdochona paski Baylis, 1928 (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae), a widespread parasite of freshwater fishes in Africa. Systematic Parasitology, 85, 55–63.
- Moravec, F., Jirků, M., Karisa-Charo, H., & Mašová, Š. (2009). Mexiconema africanum sp. n. (Nematoda: Daniconematidae) from the catfish Auchenoglanis occidentalis from Lake Turkana, Kenya. Parasitology Research, 105, 1047–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-009-1518-6
- Moravec, F., Karisa-Charo, H., & Jirků, M. (2009). Philometrids (Nematoda: Philometridae) from fishes of Lake Turkana, Kenya, including two new species of Philometra and erection of Afrophilometra gen. n. Folia Parasitologica, 56(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2009.008
- Murugami, W. J., Warruiru, M. R., Buthia, G. P., Maina, W. K., Thaiyah, G. A., Mavuti, K. S., … Mdegela, H. R. (2018). Helminth parasites of farmed fish and water birds in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 6(3), 6–12.
- Mwita, C., & Nkwengulila, G. (2008). Determinants of the parasite community of clarriid fishes from Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Journal of Helminthology, 82, 7–16.
- Mwita, C. J., & Nkwengulila, G. (2010). Phylogenetic relationships of the metazoan parasites of the clariid fishes of Lake Victoria inferred from partial 18S rDNA sequences. Tanzanian Journal of Science, 36, 47–57.
- Mwita, J. C. (2014). Metazoan parasites of clariid fishes, Lake Victoria: Reflection of the original fauna in the Lake? Natural Science, 6, 651–658. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2014.69094
10.4236/ns.2014.69064 Google Scholar
- Najm, M., & Fakhar, M. (2015). Helminthic parasites as heavy metal bioindicators in aquatic ecosystems. Medical Laboratory Journal, 9(4), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.mlj.9.4.26
10.18869/acadpub.mlj.9.4.26 Google Scholar
- Ndeda, M. V., Owiti, O. D., Aketch, O. B., & Onyango, M. D. (2013). Genetic relatedness of Diplostomum species (Digenea: Diplostomidae) infesting Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L. ) in Western Kenya. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 3, 441–448. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2013.38055
- Njiru, M., Waithaka, E., Muchiri, M., Knaap, V. M., & Cowx, G. I. (2005). Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? Lake and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 10, 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x
10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x Google Scholar
- Ochieng, V. O., Matolla, G. K., & Khyria, S. K. (2012). A study of Clinostomum affecting Oreochromis niloticus in small water bodies in Eldoret-Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3(4).
- Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. (1990). The decline of the native fishes of Lake Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) and the impacts of introduced species, especially the Nile perch, Lates niloticus and the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 27, 81–96.
- Ojwala, A. R., Otachi, O. E., & Kitaka, K. N. (2018). Effects of water quality on the parasite assemblages infecting Nile tilapia in selected fish farms in Nakuru County, Kenya. Parasitology Research, 117(11), 3459–3471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-6042-0
- Ojwang, W. O., Obiero, K. O., Donde, O. O., Gownaris, N., Pikitch, E. K., Omondi, R., & Avery, S. T. (2016). Lake Turkana: World’s largest permanent desert Lake (Kenya). In: C. M. Finlayson, G. R. Milton, R. C. Prentice, & N. C. Davidson (Eds.), The wetland book: II: Distribution, description and conservation (pp. 1–20). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_254-1
10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_254-1 Google Scholar
- Oluoch-Otiego, J., Oyoo-Okoth, E., Kiptoo, G. K. K., Chemoiwo, J. E., Ngugi, C. C., Simiyu, G., … Opiyo, A. M. (2016). PCBs in fish and their cestode parasites in Lake Victoria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5483-0
- Onyari, M. J. (1981). The need for aquatic pollutions studies in Kenyan Inland waters. Adapted from Proceedings, KMFRI Workshop on Aquatic Resources of Kenya, July 13–19, 1981.
- Opiyo, M., Mugo, B. J., Kyule, D., & Okemwa, G. (2016). Overview of ornamental fish production in Kenya: Current status, opportunities and challenges. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(2), 193–200.
- Otachi, O. E. (2009). Studies on occurrence of protozoan and helminthes parasites in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Central and Eastern Provinces, Kenya. MSc.Thesis. Egerton University, Kenya.
- Otachi, O. E., Körner, W., Avenant-Oldewage, A., Fellner-Frank, C., & Jirsa, F. (2014). Trace elements in sediments, blue spotted tilapia Orechromis leucostictus (Trewavas, 1933) and its parasite Contracaecum multipapillatum from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, including a comprehensive health risk analysis. Environmental Pollution Research, 21, 7339–7349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2602-8
- Otachi, O. E., Locke, A. S., Jirsa, F., Fellner-Frank, C., & Margoliese, J. D. (2015). Morphometric and molecular analyses of Tylodelphys sp. metacercariae (Digenea: Diplostomidae) from the vitreous humour of four fish species from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Journal of Helminthology, 89, 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X14000170
- Otachi, O. E., Magana, E. A., Jirsa, F., & Fellner-Frank, C. (2014). Parasites of commercially important fish from Lake Naivasha, Rift Valley, Kenya. Parasitology Research, 113(3), 1057–1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3741-4
- Otachi, O. C., Szostakowska, B., Jirsa, F., & Fellner-Frank, C. (2015). Parasite communities of the elongate tigerfish Hydrocynus forskahili (Cuvier 1819) and redbelly tilapia zillii (Gervais 1848) from Lake Turkana, Kenya: Influence of host and size. Acta Parasitologica, 60(1), 9–20.
- Othina, A., & Tweddle, D. (1999). The status of the artisanal fishery of Lake Victoria, Kenya, with notes on improvements to the catch data collection. In I. G. Cowx, & D. Tweddle (Eds.), Report of 4th Fisheries Data Working Group (FIDAWOG) workshop (pp. 78–91). Jinja, Uganda: LVFRP.
- Oyoo-Okoth, E., Wim, A., Osano, O., Kraak, S. H. M., Ngure, V., Makwali, J., & Orina, S. P. (2010). Use of the fish endoparasite Ligula intestinalis (L., 1758) in an intermediate cyprinid host (Rasteneobola argentea) for biomonitoring heavy metal contamination in Lake Victoria Kenya. Lake and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 15, 63–73.
- Paperna, I. (1973). New species of monogenean (Vermes) from African freshwater fish. A preliminary report. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africanes, 87, 505–518.
- Paperna, I. (1979). Monogenea of inland water fish in Africa. Annales du Musée royal d’Afrique central, sér in-8˚ (Zool.), 226, 1–131.
- Paperna, I.(1996). Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa: An update. CIFA Technical paper 31. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
- Paperna, I., & Thurston, J. P. (1969). Annulotrema n.gen. A new genus of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyridae, Bychowski, 1957) from African characin fish. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 182(5/6), 444–449.
- Pariselle, A., & Euzet, L. (1995). Scutogyrus gen. n. (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae) for Cichlidogyrus longicornis Dossou, 1982, C. l. longicornis and C.l. longicornis and C. l. gravivaginus Paperna and Thurston, 1969, with description of three new species parasitic on African Cichlids. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 62, 157–173.
- Pariselle, A., & Euzet, L. (2009). Systematic revision of dactylogyridean parasites (Monogenea) from cichlid fishes of Africa, the Levant and Madagascar. Zoosystema, 31(4), 849–898.
- Peeler, J. E., Oidtmann, C. B., Midtlyng, J. P., Miossec, L., & Gozlan, E. R. (2011). Non-native aquatic animals introduction have driven disease emergence in Europe. Biological Invasions, 13(6), 1291–1303.
- Přikrylová, I., Blažek, R., & Vanhove, M. P. M. (2012). An overview of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) species parasitizing African catfishes, and their morphological and molecular diversity. Parasitology Research, 110, 1185–1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2612-0
- Přikrylová, I., Radim, B., & Gelnar, M. (2012). Gyrodactylus malalai sp nov (Monogenean, Gyrodactylidae) from Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and Redbelly tilapia, Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (teleostei, Cichlidae) in the Lake Turkana, Kenya. Acta Parasitolgica, 57(2), 122–130.
- Přikrylová, I., Shinn, P. A., & Paladini, G. (2017). Description of Citharodactylus gagei n.gen.etn.sp. (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) from the moon fish, Citharinus citharus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in Lake Turkana. Parasitology Research, 116, 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5289-6
- Schaeffner, C. B., Jirků, M., Mahmoud, N. Z., & Scholz, T. (2011). Revision of Wenyonia Woodland, 1923 (Cestoda: Carypphyllidea) from catfishes (Siluriformes) in Africa. Systematic Parasitology, 79, 83–107. https://doi.org/10.100/s11230-011-9290-2
- Schludermann, C., Konecny, R., Laimgruber, S., Lewis, J. W., Schiemer, F., Chovanec, A., & Sures, B. (2003). Fish macroparasites as indicators of heavy metal pollution in river sites in Australia. Parasitology, 126, S61–S69.
- Scholz, T. (1999). Parasites in cultured and feral fish. Veterinary Parasitology, 84, 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00039-4
- Scholz, T., Brabec, J., Kráľová-Hromadová, I., Oros, M., Bazsalovicsová, E., Ermolenko, A., & Hanvezelová, V. (2011). Revision of Khawia spp. (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), parasites of cyprinids fish, including a key to their identification and molecular phylogeny. Folia Parasitologica, 58(3), 197–223.
- Scholz, T., Tavakol, S., Uhrová, L., Barbec, J., Přikrylová, I., Mašová, Š., … Luss-Powell, J. W. (2018). An annotated list and molecular data on larvae od gryporhynchid tapeworms (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from freshwater fishes in Africa. Systematic Parasitology, 95, 567–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-018-9796-y
- Seegers, L., Vos, D. L., & Okeyo, O. D. (2003). Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Kenya (excluding) the lacustrine haplochromines from Lake Victoria). Journal of East African History, 92, 11–47.
10.2982/0012-8317(2003)92[11:ACOTFF]2.0.CO;2 Google Scholar
- Siddiqui, Q. A. (1979). Changes in fish species composition in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hydrobiologica, 64(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023188
- Soylu, E. (2009). Monogenean parasites on the gills of some fish species from Lakes Sapanca and Durusu, Turkey. EU Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 26(4), 247–251.
- Sures, B. (2001). The use of fish parasites as bioindicators of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems: A review. Aquatic Ecology, 35, 245–255.
- Sures, B. (2003). Accumulation of heavy metals by intestinal helminthes in fish: An overview and perspective. Parasitology, 126, S53–S60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003118200300372X
- Tancredo, K. R., Ferrarezi, J. V., da Costa Marchiori, N., & Martins, M. L. (2019). Ecotoxicological assays to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of formalin for fish. Aquaculture International, 27(3), 685–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00354-w
- Thon, C. C., Otachi, O. E., & Oldewage, A. A. (2017). Endo-helminths infestation in Nile Perch, Lates niloticus (L.), and Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Egerton Journal of Science & Technology, 16, 161–172.
- Vidal-Martínez, M. V., Pech, D., Sures, B., Purucker, T., & Poulin, R. (2009). Can parasites really reveal environmental impact? Trends in Parasitology, 26(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2009.11.001
