The Opioid Hydra: Understanding Overdose Mortality Epidemics and Syndemics Across the Rural-Urban Continuum †
Corresponding Author
David J. Peters
Department of Sociology, Iowa State University
Correspondence
David J. Peters, 302 East Hall, 510 Farm House Lane, Ames, IA 50011-1054. E-mail: dpeters@iastate.edu
Search for more papers by this authorShannon M. Monnat
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University
Search for more papers by this authorAndrew L. Hochstetler
Department of Sociology, Iowa State University
Search for more papers by this authorMark T. Berg
Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Iowa
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
David J. Peters
Department of Sociology, Iowa State University
Correspondence
David J. Peters, 302 East Hall, 510 Farm House Lane, Ames, IA 50011-1054. E-mail: dpeters@iastate.edu
Search for more papers by this authorShannon M. Monnat
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University
Search for more papers by this authorAndrew L. Hochstetler
Department of Sociology, Iowa State University
Search for more papers by this authorMark T. Berg
Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Iowa
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The rapid increase of fatal opioid overdoses over the past two decades is a major U.S. public health problem, especially in non-metropolitan communities. The crisis has transitioned from pharmaceuticals to illicit synthetic opioids and street mixtures, especially in urban areas. Using latent profile analysis, we classify n = 3,079 counties into distinct classes using CDC fatal overdose rates for specific opioids in 2002–2004, 2008–2012, and 2014–2016. We identify three distinct epidemics (prescription opioids, heroin, and prescription-synthetic opioid mixtures) and one syndemic involving all opioids. We find that prescription-related epidemic counties, whether rural or urban, have been “left behind” the rest of the nation. These communities are less populated and more remote, older and mostly white, have a history of drug abuse, and are former farm and factory communities that have been in decline since the 1990s. Overdoses in these places exemplify the “deaths of despair” narrative. By contrast, heroin and opioid syndemic counties tend to be more urban, connected to interstates, ethnically diverse, and in general more economically secure. The urban opioid crisis follows the path of previous drug epidemics, affecting a disadvantaged subpopulation that has been left behind rather than the entire community. County data on opioid epidemic class membership are provided.
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